Um experimento construido por uma unidade tipo "Irrigacao por gotejamento" com linhas laterais submersas e um injetor tipo Venturi foi instalado no Laboratorio de Hidraulica da ESALQ-USP visando avaliar a variabilidade na distribuicao de ar na agua trabalhando nas pressoes de servico variando de 49,03 kPa ate 181,41 kPa. Avaliou-se os volumes e as porcentagens de ar incorporada na agua e distribuidos ao longo das linhas laterais, as perdas de carga e os rendimentos. Houve alta variabilidade entre as quantidades de ar distribuidas nos primeiros emissores em relacao aqueles posiconados mais afastados. O porcentual medio de ar distribuido nos primeiros emissores correspondeu a 30,03% do total succionado. Nos segundos e terceiros emissores esse quantitativo decresceu para 7,47% e 2,59%, respectivamente. Houve um aumento no volume de ar incorporado na agua e da uniformidade de distribuicao desse ar com o aumento das pressoes de servico.

Resumen La gestión del agua en El Salvador es un territorio social de disputa entre la normativa neoliberal y la dinámica autogestiva de las comunidades. En este contexto, la calidad del agua se define como una construcción social determinada por el tiempo y ámbito social de los consumidores, por lo que la apropiación y monitoreo de su calidad es un espacio de conformación de ciudadanía. El análisis comparativo de los datos obtenidos en los años 2008 y 2017 en Las Vueltas, Chalatenango, en El Salvador, permitió comprender la evolución de un sistema de agua autogestionado a partir de la percepción directa de la población usuaria de la calidad de dicho sistema. Los resultados indican que el aumento en la calidad de la cobertura del servicio de agua es proporcional a la percepción del aumento de la inversión pública en el mejoramiento de los sistemas de agua; sin embargo, la calidad del líquido distribuido tanto en centros urbanos como rurales ha ido mermando. Estos hallazgos coinciden con la tendencia nacional que indica que pese a la mejoría en la cobertura, los problemas de acceso y calidad del agua impactan diferencialmente a la población, agudizándose en las áreas rurales. | Abstract Water management in El Salvador is a social territory of dispute between neoliberal norms and the self-management dynamics of the communities. In this context, water quality is defined as a social construct determined by the time and societal space of consumers, that is why the appropriation and monitoring of its quality is a space for citizens' formation. The comparative analysis of the data gathered in 2008 and 2017, in Las Vueltas, Chalatenango, made it possible to understand the evolution of a self-managed water system based on the direct perception of the population which is the user of the quality of this system. The results state that the increase in the quality of water service coverage is proportional to the perception of increase in public investment for improving water systems, however, the quality of the liquid distributed, both in urban and rural centers, has been decreasing. These findings match the national trend which state that in spite of improvement in coverage, the problems of access and water quality differently impact the population, which are worse in rural areas.

En el presente trabajo se muestran y analizan los resultados de la síntesis y funcionalización de los materiales mesoporosos del tipo SBA-16 funcionalizados con grupos amino, y su capacidad de adsorción de iones de cromo en medios acuosos. La capacidad de adsorción de los materiales funcionalizados fueron analizados variando el pH de una solución de dicromato de potasio disuelto en agua desionizada a una concentración de 100 ppm de cromo hexavalente. Además, se probó la capacidad de adsorción a un pH de 2 variando las concentraciones de cromo hexavalente y los tiempos de contacto con el material adsorbente. Las propiedades texturales y la presencia de los grupos amino en los materiales adsorbentes fueron evaluados mediante las isotermas de adsorción-desorción de N2 (SBET), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), microscopía electrónica de transmisión de alta resolución, espectroscopía de infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) y para determinar la presencia de cromo en el adsorbente después de la adsorción se utilizó espectroscopía de reflectancia difusa en el rango UV-vis. Los resultados de esta caracterización indicaron que la adsorción de iones de Cr6+ ocurre entre la interacción del ion Cr6+ y los grupos amino. La SBA-16 pura (sin funcionalizar) no presenta adsorción de iones de Cr (VI).

El sector “Nuevo Bagua” es una zona rural y poco intervenida por el Estado, actualmente carece de los servicios de agua potable y alcantarillado, ante ello, el objetivo de la investigación realizada fue evaluar la Disposición a Pagar (DAP) por dichos servicios. Se aplicó el método de valoración contingente a fin de estimar la Disponibilidad a Pagar (DAP) de las familias de dicho sector; para ello, se aplicaron encuestas en el mes de Marzo del año 2019. Las encuestas definitivas tuvieron el formato dicotómico doble con seguimiento o “double bounded”, cuyos montos ofertados de DAP se eligieron de los resultados obtenidos de la encuesta piloto. Posteriormente, Los datos de las encuestas se trabajaron estadísticamente haciendo uso del modelo de regresión logística empleando el software Nlogit 3.0 y Stata vs 12.0. estimando modelos paramétricos logit, se realizó una serie de regresiones logit incluyendo todas las variables, luego fueron escogidas aquellas variables que mejor se ajustaban al modelo, A partir de dicho modelo se estimó la DAP. Los resultados permitieron obtener una DAP con un monto de s/. 8.47 nuevos soles mensuales y las variables con mayor nivel de significación fueron el primer monto ofrecido (MDAP1), Edad (EDAD), Calidad del servicio (CALISERV) y Costo del agua (COSTAGUA). Finalmente con la DAP calculada y extrapolada a toda la población se realizó el análisis para determinar si los montos de DAP permiten cubrir los costos que realiza la Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Bagua (EMAPAB) en la operación y mantenimiento del sistema de agua potable y alcantarillado, para ello se utilizó los datos del estudio tarifario de EMAPAB realizado en 2017 por la Superintendencia Nacional de Servicio de Saneamiento (SUNASS). | Tesis

El trabajo de investigación lleva como título Evaluación de disminución de Carga Orgánica de los Efluentes Domésticos con Microorganismos Eficaces (EM) para el uso de Agua Tipo III, planteándose el objetivo de disminuir la cantidad del material orgánica (MO) presente en las aguas residuales en el anexo de Occoro, para lo cual se propuso el tratamiento con Microorganismos Eficaces a distintas concentraciones (X1, X2 y X3) y análogamente con el caudal (Q1 y Q2) de ingreso, obteniendo un valor de eficiencia en el proceso. En la parte experimental se habilito un módulo acondicionado tres lagunas y un tanque, permitiéndonos tener un proceso semi – continuo donde se manipularon las variables a las condiciones propuestas; iniciada la experimentación se procedió a realizar la caracterización del agua residual, para la toma de muestra se realizó de forma programada por 20 días y de manera similar para el segundo arreglo de nuestras variables. Se analizó la demanda o requerimiento químico de oxígeno (DQO) como parámetro indicador de variación materia o carga orgánica. Los datos obtenidos evidenciaron disminución en la carga orgánica, obteniendo mayor eficiencia al trabajar la combinación de concentración 3 (X3 = 100ppm) de microorganismos eficaces (EM) y un flujo de Q2= 0,02 mL/s, siendo esta un 75% de disminución de carga o materia orgánica., concluyendo que los microorganismos eficaces resultan ser recomendable su uso para el tratamiento de aguas residuales con estas características del anexo en mención. | Tesis

Climate change, the growing limitations in the supply of irrigation water and the continuous increase of the world population present a great challenge to guarantee the world's food. It is necessary, among other things, to increase the arable land, intensify the crops and modernize the irrigation systems in a sustainable manner. The design and management of modernized areas should be oriented to increase production and optimize the efficiency of water and energy resources otherwise the systems will not be economically or environmentally viable. In this thesis, the capabilities of the ADOR-simulation software of irrigable areas have been increased, taking into account the characteristics of the physical environment, the economic aspects of agricultural production of irrigation, as well as the design and management of hydraulic irrigation infrastructures. The capacities of on-farm irrigation modules have been increased, incorporating, in addition to sprinkler solid-set irrigation system, the center pivot irrigation system (ADOR-Pivot) and the drip irrigation system (ADOR-Goteo). The ADOR-Crop module has been updated including more types of crops and double crops (double harvest). Finally, the response to the following on-farm irrigation management guidelines has been incorporated: low pressure irrigation, irrigation frequency and irrigation time (day and night irrigation). In a first phase of the work, the new parameters implemented in the tool have been adjusted and validated. To this end, five variants of a theoretical case study have been simulated in which the operation of the different on-farm irrigation systems, types of crops (simple crops, double crops) and alternative management patterns have been compared. The operation of a zone working at standard pressure in nozzle, 300 kPa, or at low pressure, 200 kPa has been analyzed. The comparison is made on irrigation quality, agronomic, economic and environmental variables. Once the changes implemented in the program were checked and validated, the irrigation area of Bardenas XI, of 931 hectares, was analyzed in a second phase of the work. The study of this area has been carried out for the current design in which the area is irrigated with natural pressure. This design results in different pressures between hydrants that limit the on-farm irrigation system that can be installed. The physical properties (available water holding capacity (AWC) and depth) of the soils of the area were characterized by field sampling and its subsequent processing in the laboratory. The spatial distribution of the soils, crops and the on-farm irrigation system was done using the Geographical Information System tool QGIS and taking into account the design premises of the irrigable area. The effect of meteorological variability was analyzed in the series 2004-2018 of the SIAR station of Ejea de los Caballeros on the hydrological, irrigation quality, agronomic, economic and environmental variables. Finally, two operating scenarios of the Bardenas XI irrigable zone were analyzed comparatively: 1) Assuming that there is natural pressure for the entire area to irrigate by sprinkler solid-set at 200 kPa in nozzle or 2) by installing a pumping station that increases the natural pressure so that all the parcels can irrigate by sprinkling solid-set at a standard pressure of 300 kPa in nozzle. The comparison was made on irrigation quality, agronomic, economic and environmental variables. The improvements made in the tool, which simulates the operation of alternative designs and management of an irrigable area, respond correctly to the results included in the scientific literature. Sprinkler solid-set irrigation systems need to apply greater volume of water to achieve the same production as the rest of the on-farm irrigation systems analyzed (center pivot machines and drip irrigation). The biggest losses of these systems, especially wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL), are the ones that explain these differences. This is true for both simple crops and double crops. The hydraulic design of the network imposes limitations on the management of irrigation when the level of intensification of crops exceeds that which was raised in its design. The reduction in the nozzle working pressure in sprinkler irrigation systems (from 300 kPa to 200 kPa) does not have a significant effect on irrigation quality, irrigation volumes or crop production. However, the reduction in working pressure decreases the electrical needs (in the case studied, the electric bill is reduced by 28 per cent, Euros 58 ha-1), which increases the net profit of irrigated farms (4 per cent). The effect of irrigation duration on the hydrological and economic variables of irrigation depends on the type of soil. Thus, for soils with medium AWC, the two-hour irrigations are the most adequate, while when we have a soil with high AWC, the risks of two or more hours give rise to the same results. In the case studied, and for both types of soil, very frequent and short-term irrigations (one hour) are not the most appropriate, since they present lower yields, higher interception losses and lower net income. Regarding the management of irrigation in the area studied, the strategy of forcing the irrigation of corn to start at night is not profitable compared to an irrigation demand, especially when we have moderate-quality soils (medium AWC). The results indicate that the best irrigation management strategy depends on the conditions of the physical environment and the design of local infrastructures. In the analysis of the current design of the irrigable area of Bardenas XI, it is concluded that the factors that most affect the quality of irrigation are the on-farm irrigation system and the soils. The plots with sprinkler solid-set irrigation system are the ones that lower distribution uniformity (DU) and efficiency of application presented. This is because adverse weather affects these systems, more importantly increasing WDEL and reducing DU, which in turn results in lower efficiency. The plots with lowest percolation losses coincide in general with the plots that have the best soils from the hydraulic point of view (very deep soils with a high or very high AWC). Irrigation needs are also affected by the crop, by the weather and by the quality of irrigation. ix Regarding the comparison of Bardenas XI in the two operating scenarios of nozzle pressure, 300 kPa or 200 kPa, it is concluded that this decrease in pressure has a small effect on the variables that define the quality of irrigation, being uniformity and irrigation efficiency slightly lower in the low pressure treatments, 5 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively. However, these differences do not affect crop yields. On the other hand, the reduction of the operating pressure achieves an average saving of the electric cost of € 72 ha-1 year-1, which translates into an increase in the net benefit of 6 per cent on average.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ramiro Gonçalves Etchepare | Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Recursos Hídricos e Ambiental. Defesa : Curitiba, 25/02/2019 | Inclui referências: p. 117-133 | Resumo: Águas cinzas são efluentes domésticos que excluem as contribuições de bacias sanitárias. Dentre os diferentes processos de tratamento de água cinza que podem ser empregados, a Flotação por Ar Dissolvido (FAD), apesar do elevado potencial, ainda não foi investigada com aprofundamento. Portanto, a presente pesquisa consistiu na caracterização de uma água cinza clara proveniente de edifício comercial e o seu tratamento por FAD, em escala de laboratório. Foram empregados diferentes agentes coagulantes, em diferentes condições de processo, nos processos de sedimentação e FAD, além da taxa de reciclo, da pressão de saturação e da tensão superficial da água na FAD. Para disponibilizar uma água tratada que atenda os padrões de qualidade de legislações para o reúso em descarga de bacias sanitárias, foi avaliada a filtração em areia e a desinfecção com cloro. A água cinza avaliada apresentou uma baixa concentração de matéria orgânica (DQO = 36 mg.L-1; DBO = 32 mg.L-1), baixa concentração de sólidos suspensos (SST = 20 mg.L-1; turbidez = 18 UNT) e baixa densidade de microrganismos (coliformes termotolerantes = 17 NMP.100mL-1) quando comparada com efluentes semelhantes. Os resultados da otimização do processo de sedimentação da água cinza indicaram o emprego de sulfato de alumínio em pH 7,0 e 40 mg.L-1 (turbidez residual = 4,5 UNT), cloreto férrico em pH 5,5 e 60 mg.L-1 (turbidez residual = 3,8 UNT) ou PAC em pH 7,0 e 20 mg.L-1 (turbidez residual = 2,9 UNT), para o atendimento da meta técnica estabelecida de 5 UNT; e associação de PAC com 20 mg.L-1 com polímero aniônico com 0,25 mg.L-1. A avaliação dos parâmetros da FAD indicou que: i) o emprego de baixas pressões de saturação (< 3 bar) não resulta em queda na eficiência de remoção de turbidez; ii) taxas de reciclo a partir de 10% resultam em melhores condições de clarificação da água cinza; e iii) água com menores valores de tensão superficial resultam em maiores eficiências de remoção de turbidez; e iv) aplicação de cloreto férrico em pH 5,5 e 20 mg.L-1 resulta em maiores eficiências de remoção de turbidez da água cinza. A água disponibilizada pela FAD, nas condições otimizadas, consegue atender os padrões de sólidos suspensos e matéria orgânica das legislações que tratam sobre o reúso de água em descarga de bacias sanitárias, necessitando de uma etapa posterior de remoção de microrganismos para se enquadrar nos padrões das legislações com valores mais restritivos. Os processos de filtração e cloração, resultaram na obtenção de uma água mais clarificada (turbidez residual = 0,3 UNT) e na remoção completa de coliformes termotolerantes, possibilitando o atendimento dos padrões de qualidade de água cinza para o reúso em bacias sanitárias. A avaliação dos parâmetros de qualidade de água cinza, com base em estudos e em legislações de outros países, para o reúso em descarga de bacias sanitárias embasou a indicação de padrões para discussões técnicas futuras. A faixa de valores indicados como mais apropriados para a realidade brasileira foram: pH de 5,0 a 9,5; turbidez < 5 UNT, DQO < 100 mg.L-1 e coliformes termotolerantes < 103 NMP.100mL-1. Assim, os resultados obtidos nessa dissertação permitem indicar que a FAD possui elevado potencial de aplicação no tratamento e reúso de águas cinzas claras para descargas de bacias sanitárias, podendo, em alguns casos, dispensar as etapas de filtração e desinfecção, para o atendimento dos padrões de qualidade de algumas legislações que tratam do reúso em bacias sanitárias. Palavras-chave: Jartest. Flotatest. Filtração. Desinfecção. Tratamento físico-químico. Parâmetros de reúso. | Abstract: Greywater is domestic wastewater excluding toilet waste. From a range of different processes to treat greywater, Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), despite its high potential, it has not yet been investigated. Therefore, this research consisted of characterization of light greywater from a commercial building and its treatment by DAF, in bench scale. Different coagulants were applied in different process conditions for sedimentation and DAF processes, additionally to the specific DAF operational parameters such as recycle rate, saturation pressure and water surface tension. In order to provide water that meets quality standards of specific regulations for greywater reuse in toilet flushing, sand filtration and chlorine disinfection were investigated. Greywater characterization showed a low organic concentration (COD = 36 mg.L"1; BOD = 32 mg.L' 1) low suspended solids concentration (TSS = 20 mg.L"1; turbidity = 18 NTU) and low density of pathogenic microorganisms (thermotolerant coliforms = 17 MPM.100mL-1) compared to other similar effluents. Results from the optimization of the sedimentation process indicated the use of aluminum sulphate at pH 7.0 and 40 mg.L"1 (residual turbidity = 4.5 NTU), ferric chloride at pH 5.5 and 60 mg.L"1 (residual turbidity = 3.8 NTU) and PAC at pH 7.0 and 20 mg.L"1 (residual turbidity = 2.9 NTU), to meet the defined technical target of 5 NTU; and 20 mg.L"1 and 0.25 mg.L"1 of PAC and anionic polymer, respectively. The evaluation of DAF operational parameters indicated that: i) the use of low saturation pressures (< 3 bar) does not result in decreasing in turbidity removal efficiency; ii) recycle rates from 10% result in better greywater clarification; iii) water with lower values of surface tension results in greater turbidity removal efficiencies; and iv) application of ferric chloride at pH 5.5 and 20 mg.L"1 results in greater turbidity removal efficiencies of greywater. Greywater generated by DAF, under optimized conditions, meets suspended solids (turbidity and TSS) and organic matter (COD) standards of all regulations about greywater reuse in toilet flushing, requiring additional pathogenic microorganisms removal process, to meet standards of the most restrictive regulations. Sand filtration and chlorination processes generated more clarified greywater (residual turbidity = 0.3 NTU) and complete removal of thermotolerant coliforms, making it possible to meet greywater quality standards for toilet flushing reuse. Analyzing the range of greywater quality standards, from the regulations of other countries, for toilet flushing reuse and arguing of the most appropriate standards for the Brazilian conditions, in order to guarantee an acceptable risk and to promote the reuse experience, indicated for future technical discussions values of: pH 5.0 to 9.5, turbidity < 5 NTU, COD < 100 mg.L-1 and thermotolerant coliforms < 103 MPM.100mL-1. Thus, results generated in this study allow to state that DAF has a high potential of application in treatment systems to provide treated greywater for toilet flushing, and may, depending on some cases, exempt filtration and disinfection process to meet quality standards for greywater reuse in toilet flushing. Keywords: Jartest. Flotatest. Filtration. Disinfection. Physical-chemical treatment. Reuse standards.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Vander de Freitas Melo | Coorientador: Profa. Dra. Araína Hulmann Batista | Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo. Defesa : Curitiba, 15/07/2019 | Inclui referências: p. 56-59 | Resumo: Existe inúmeras técnicas analíticas que são comumente utilizadas para quantificação de metais pesados em diversos ambientes. Para o solo, os métodos mais empregados para determinação de teores pseudo-totais de metais pesados (e de elementos em geral) são os métodos ácidos EPA 3051A (sistema fechado) e Água Régia (AR) (sistema aberto), ambos utilizados por agências ambientais para estabelecer valores de referência de qualidade para solos. Contudo, estudos prévios mostraram a possibilidade de formação de um material amorfo nos resíduos dessas extrações ácidas. Devido a alta reatividade, os materiais amorfos seriam capazes de ressorver os metais (elementos) solubilizados nas extrações EPA 3051A e AR. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a composição química dos materiais amorfos formados durante extrações pseudo-totais com EPA 3051A e Água Régia (AR) da fração argila e avaliar qual desses dois métodos causa maiores erros de subestimação (maior ressorção nos materiais amorfos durante as extrações) dos teores de metais catiônicos (Pb, Cu e Ba) e elementos aniônicos (fosfato e arseniato). Para a caracterização química dos materiais amorfos nos resíduos das extrações ácidas foram realizadas extrações sequenciais com oxalato de amônio (OA) 0,2 mol L-1 e NaOH 0,5 mol L-1. A cada etapa, os resíduos das amostras foram submetidos à difratometria de raios X (DRX) para acompanhamento da solubilização dos materiais amorfos. Foi selecionada a fração argila de solos com contaminação com Pb e As a nível de campo no município de Adrianópolis - PR e solos com contaminação induzida em laboratório por esses metais. Foi possível observar pelo DRX a formação do material amorfo durante as digestões ácidas, onde a extração com AR promoveu formação mais expressiva de materiais amorfos, quando comparada com a digestão 3051A. Os materiais amorfos extraídos nos resíduos das extrações ácidas pelo método OA são constituídos por Al2O3 e Fe2O3 e os amorfos solubilizados pelo NaOH são compostos por SiO2 e, em menor quantidade, por Al2O3. Em relação aos metais pesados catiônicos e aniônicos, ambos apresentaram elevada ressorção nos materiais amorfos formados durante as extrações ácidas, ou seja, as extrações ácidas EPA 3051A e AR subestimaram os teores de metais pesados. A ressorção de elementos previamente solubilizados nos materiais amorfos ocorreu de forma variada e muito dependente da mineralogia da fração argila. Essa falta de padrão pode levar o órgão ambiental a certificar a qualidade ambiental de determinada área de forma equivocada. Palavras-chave: Erro analítico. Extrações de materiais amorfos. Substituição isomórfica. | Abstract: There are several analytical techniques commonly used for quantification of heavy metals in various environments. For the soil, the most widely used methods for determination of pseudo-total contents of heavy metals (and elements in general) are the acid methods EPA 3051A (closed system) and "aqua regia" (AR) (open system), both used by environmental agencies to establish reference values of quality for soils. However, previous studies have shown the possibility of formation of an amorphous material in the residue from these acid extractions. Due to the high reactivity, amorphous materials would be able to resorption solubilized metals (elements) in EPA 3051A and AR extractions. The objective of this work was to study the chemical composition of amorphous materials formed during pseudo-total extractions with EPA 3051A and "aqua regia" (AR) of the clay fraction and to evaluate which of these two methods causes the highest underestimation errors (higher resorption in amorphous materials during extractions) of cationic metal (Pb, Cu and Ba) and anionic elements (phosphate and arsenate). For the chemical characterization of amorphous materials in acid extraction residues, sequential extractions were performed with ammonium oxalate (OA) - 0.2 mol and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) - 0.5 mol. At each step, residues were submitted to X-ray diffraction (XRD) for monitoring the solubilization of the amorphous materials. The clay fraction of Pb and As contaminated soils at field level was selected in the municipality of Adrianópolis - Pr, and soils with contamination induced in the laboratory by these metals. It was possible to observe by XRD the formation of amorphous material during acid digestion, where AR extraction promoted a more expressive formation of the amorphous materials when compared to the 3051A digestion. The amorphous /materials extracted in acid extraction residues by the OA method are composed of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 and the amorphous solubilized by NaOH are composed of SiO2 and, to a lower amount, of Al2O3. In relation to the cationic metal and anionic elements, both presented high resorption in the amorphous materials formed during the acid extractions, that is, the acid extractions EPA 3051A and AR underestimated the levels of heavy metals. The resorption the elements previously solubilized in a varied way and very dependent on the mineralogy of the clay fraction. This lack of standard can lead the environmental agency to certify the environmental quality of a given area in a wrong way. Keywords: Analytical error. Extractions the amorphous material. Isomorphic substitution.

This research was carried out at the Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí, Manuel Félix López with the aim of generating an alternative of use of the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solms) existing in the reservoir "Sixto Durán Ballén" (La Esperanza), taking as factors in study the doses of the commercial enzyme degrader and water proportion more biomass in the elaboration of Biol. A completely randomized block design (DBCA) was used with 5 replications, and Tukey's mean comparison test was used at 0.05% of error probability, presenting significant differences in all treatments. It is concluded that the dose of the gradient against the proportion of water hyacinth more biomass is not significant, however it was identified that the greater quantity of biomass is the volume obtained from Biol, giving as better treatments to T3 (35cc of BYZ-96 + 50% of Water + 50% biomass), T6 (50cc BYZ-96 + 25% water + 75% biomass), and T9 (65cc BYZ-96 + 25% water + 75% biomass). | La presente investigación se realizó en la Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí, Manuel Félix López con el objetivo de generar una alternativa de uso del Jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes Solms) existente en el embalse “Sixto Durán Ballén” (La Esperanza), teniendo como factores en estudio las dosis del degradador enzimático comercial y proporción de agua más biomasa en la elaboración de biol. Se utilizó un diseño bifactorial de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA) con 5 repeticiones, además se utilizó la prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey al 0,05% de probabilidad de error, presentando diferencias significativas en todos los tratamientos. Se concluye que la dosis del degradador frente a la proporción de Jacinto de agua más biomasa es significativo, se logró identificar que a mayor cantidad de biomasa mayor es el volumen obtenido de biol, dando como mejores tratamientos a T3 (35cc de BYZ-96+50% de agua + 50% de biomasa), T6 (50cc de BYZ-96+25% de agua + 75% de biomasa), y T9 (65cc de BYZ-96+25% de agua + 75% de biomasa).

The purpose of this titling work was to develop a business plan that allows knowing the feasibility of investment for the creation of a freshwater shrimp larviculture laboratory in the ESPAM MFL - EP. The study aimed to analyze the market, technical and financial aspects, initially applying a survey to a sample of shrimp producers in the northern area of Manabí, the data collected allowed us to know aspects related to the requirements they demand at the time they acquire larvae, and the level of acceptance that the project has. Added to this, the technical study was carried out in which the larvae production capacity, their operational structure and the design of the plant with their respective spaces were determined; while in the financial evaluation, all the investment resources required for the implementation of the larviculture laboratory and its profitability indicators were specified, which determined that an investment of $60,040.86 is required to start the start-up of the laboratory during the first year; the profitability indicators show a VAN of $23,251.17, the TIR of 29%, a cost benefit ratio of $1.19 reflecting that for every dollar invested it is expected to generate 0.19 cents of profit, this result reflects that although the investment to be made is large, the project is profitable. | El propósito de este trabajo de titulación fue elaborar un plan de negocios que permita conocer la viabilidad de inversión para la creación de un laboratorio de larvicultura de camarón en agua dulce en la “ESPAM MFL – EP”. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los aspectos del mercado, técnicos y financiero, aplicando inicialmente una encuesta a una muestra de productores de camarón de la zona norte de Manabí, los datos recabados permitieron conocer aspectos referentes a los requerimientos que ellos exigen al momento que adquirir larvas, y el nivel de aceptación que tiene el proyecto. Añadido a ello, se realizó el estudio técnico en el cual se determinó la capacidad de producción de las larvas, su estructura operativa y el diseño de la planta con sus respectivos espacios; mientras que en la evaluación financiera se puntualizaron todos los recursos de inversión requerida para la implementación del laboratorio de larvicultura y sus indicadores de rentabilidad, los mismos que determinaron que se necesita una inversión de $ 60.040,86 para iniciar la puesta en marcha del laboratorio durante el primer año; en los indicadores de rentabilidad se observa un VAN de $ 23.251,17, el TIR de 29%, una relación costo de $1,19 reflejando que por cada dólar invertido se espera generar 0,19 centavos de utilidad, este resultado refleja que a pesar de que la inversión que hay que realizar es grande el proyecto es rentable.