La siembra y cosecha de agua, evaluado en el Caserio marcopampa, se ha planteado con la finalidad de brindar medidas de solución de manejo del agua ante las sequias y desarrollar técnicas de adaptación al cambio climático; por ese motivo se ha consultado investigaciones de instituciones y autores que plantean experiencias sobre temas relacionados a este tipo de técnicas las cuales principalmente son; zanjas de infiltración, qochas de infiltración, amunas, bofedales, reforestación, reservorios de almacenamiento, qochas de almacenamiento y micropresas. Para el caso de estudio, se ha analizado datos de 20 años de información pluviométrica de la estación meteorológica Querocotillo, que se encuentra en la zona de estudio y tiene una precipitación media de 995 mm/año, por lo consiguiente es viable para la adaptación de algunas técnicas de siembra y cosecha de agua. Dadas la condición de clima, suelo y topografía conjuntamente con los aspectos económicos y sociales del caserío Marcopampa, solamente se pueden aplicar las técnicas de zanjas de infiltración, micoreservorios de almacenamiento y reforestación.

El modelo de gestión operativa de la Junta Administradora de Acueducto Rural (JAAR) de la comunidad de Ipetí Emberá, en Panamá, con la introducción de la electrólisis de salmuera como tecnología innovadora, fácil y sencilla para desinfectar el agua de consumo humano, requiere de la adición de funciones, cargos operativos y administrativos para un funcionamiento sostenible. El modelo fomenta la difusión de conocimientos locales entre pares de otras comunidades que posean acueductos rurales sin procesos de desinfección del agua de consumo humano y para sistemas nuevos por establecer en áreas rurales.

Maestría en Desarrollo Sostenible y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Contables, Económicas y Administrativas. | La producción acuícola mundial en jaulas ha tomado un gran impulso mundial, paralelamente aumenta la preocupación por los impactos ambientales generados. Se pretende determinar la influencia de la producción de peces en jaulas en los componentes agua y sedimentos del Embalse del Guajaro Departamento del Atlantico. El estudio compara dos áreas: Área 1. Zona con presencia de jaulas de producción piscícola; Área 2. Punto testigo área sin jaulas. En agua se midió Oxígeno Disuelto, Temperatura, Conductividad Eléctrica, pH, Transparencia, Nitratos, Fosfatos, Solidos Suspendidos Totales, Demanda Biológica de Oxigeno y Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigeno. En sedimentos se calculó porcentaje de Materia Orgánica. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente, arrojando para parámetros fisicoquímicos diferencias significativas; demostrando cambios ambientales en calidad de agua entre las áreas. Los nutrientes presentaron diferencias significativas, demostrando contaminación por concentrado y heces de los peces; altos porcentajes de materia orgánica en sedimentos, observándose zonas de degradación del agua debajo y en el medio circundante a las jaulas. El análisis discriminante mostro las variables pH, Oxígeno Disuelto, Conductividad Eléctrica, DBO, DQO, Solidos Suspendidos Totales, Materia Orgánica y Transparencia, como las de mayor influencia y afectación en los cambios ambientales en agua y en sedimentos.

SUMMARY The present experimental work was carried out during six weeks (42 days, period for the commercial process of the fattening birds), in the poultry farm of the Experimental Farm "San Pablo" of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Babahoyo, located at km 7.5 of the Babahoyo - Montalvo road, Babahoyo city, Los Ríos province. The area has a height of 7 meters above sea level. The geographic location is 01 ° 47 '49 "South latitude and 79 ° 32' west longitude and an average annual rainfall of 1987.04 mm, with average annual temperature of 25 ° C. Broiler chickens were used as genetic material. Cobb 500 line The experimental unit consisted of a total of 28 experimental units, distributed with 12 chickens per experimental unit, consisting of three types of vinegar (banana, apple and grape) in doses of 12.0 and 16 , 0 cc / gallon plus an absolute control For the development of this work the experimental design was used Completely Random (DCA), in factorial arrangement 3 x 2 + 1, with seven treatments and four repetitions. treatment was carried out with the Tukey test To estimate the effects of the treatments, the variables of water and food consumption, weekly weight gain, weekly feed conversion, pH level at the end were evaluated. l of the trial and cost-benefit ratio. For the results obtained, positive responses were obtained in the evaluation of productive parameters with doses of grape vinegar, banana, apple in drinking water in broiler chickens; the highest consumption of water was recorded by the chickens that belonged to the absolute witness; Food consumption recorded higher averages in the treatment than grape vinegar was used with a dose of 16.0 cc / gallon; the initial weight, as far as the weight gain, stood out the vinegar of grape in dose of 12.0 cc / gallon and from the second week to the sixth week it reached higher average the treatment of vinegar of banana in dose of 16.0 cc /gallon; the average feed conversion was 1.61 and the absolute control recorded a higher pH level in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Keywords: grape vinegar, banana vinegar, apple cider vinegar, drinking water, broiler chickens. | RESUMEN El presente trabajo experimental se llevó a cabo durante seis semanas (42 días, periodo para el proceso comercial de las aves de engorde), en el plantel avícola de la Granja Experimental "San Pablo" de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, ubicada en el km 7,5 de la vía Babahoyo - Montalvo, ciudad de Babahoyo, Provincia de Los Ríos. La zona posee una altura 7 msnm. La localización geográfica es 01° 47' 49" latitud Sur y 79° 32' de longitud oeste y una precipitación promedio anual de 1987,04 mm, con temperatura promedio anual de 25 °C. Como material genético se utilizaron pollos Broilers, de la línea Cobb 500. La unidad experimental estuvo conformada por un total general de 28 unidades experimentales, distribuidos con 12 pollos por unidad experimental. Los tratamientos estuvieron constituidos por tres tipos de vinagre (banano, manzano y uva) en dosis de 12,0 y 16,0 cc/galón más un testigo absoluto. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se utilizó el diseño experimental Completamente al Azar (D.C.A), en arreglo factorial 3 x 2 + 1, con siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Las comparaciones de las medias de tratamiento se efectuaron con la prueba de Tukey. Para estimar los efectos de los tratamientos, se evaluaron las variables de consumo de agua y alimento, ganancia de peso semanal, conversión alimenticia semanal, nivel de pH al final del ensayo y relación costo-beneficio. Por los resultados obtenidos se obtuvo respuestas positivas en la evaluación de parámetros productivos con dosis de vinagre de uva, banano, manzana en agua de bebida en pollos Broilers; el mayor consumo de agua lo registraron los pollos que pertenecieron al testigo absoluto; el consumo de alimentos registro mayores promedios en el tratamiento que se utilizó vinagre de uva con dosis de 16,0 cc/galón; el peso inicial, en cuanto la ganancia de peso, sobresalió el vinagre de uva en dosis de 12,0 cc/galón y a partir de la segunda semana hasta la sexta semana alcanzó mayores promedios el tratamiento de vinagre de banano en dosis de 16,0 cc/galón; la conversión alimenticia promedio fue de 1,61 y el Vinagre de banano registró el menor nivel de pH en el duodeno, yeyuno e ileón. Palabras claves: vinagre de uva, vinagre de banano, vinagre de manzana, agua de bebida, pollos Broilers. VIII.

In the basin of the Azul Creek (centre of Buenos Aires Province) different uses are made (agricultural, recreational, the reception of urban effluents). Although there is a physicochemical characterization of its surface, it is necessary to do further studies in order to know the variables that determine the water quality of the resource to be managed more efficiently. This following aims at sectoring the basin according to its water quality and to identify significant parameters to describe the variations. Therefore, multivariate techniques were applied: Cluster (CA) and principal components (PCA) on standardized data. These techniques come from twelve seasonal campaigns where 27 variables were measured at 14 stations located in different sectors of the basin (n = 168). The results from CA show the formation of two groups: one consisting of samples of the upper and middle basin, and the other of some samples of the middle and lower basin. Due to the PCA, 3 factors were obtained that explain 53 % of the total variance, reducing the list of parameters to 13, weighing more than 0.70. To conclude, the results obtained by both techniques are consistent since areas with different water quality were identified and those affected by urban effluents were discriminated allowing the identification of parameters which explain this variability. The physicochemical sectoring of surface water which was obtained is not strictly coincident with that determined by the geomorphology and groundwater hydrochemistry.

Proyecto Final de Graduación (Licenciatura en Ingeniería Ambiental) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Química, 2019. | Climate change represents a threat to humanity and natural systems, altering the rainfall regime, obtaining extreme scenarios, where there is abundance in certain sites and others with long periods of drought, influencing the quality of water and its availability to the population. Costa Rica has not been exempted from this situation, leading to weather imbalances and even significant monetary losses. Rainwater harvest constitutes one of the Low Impact Solutions, which seeks to reestablish the water cycle in an urban environment. This Final Graduation Project proposes a design for a rainwater harvesting system for La Cometa Educational Project and one for the Tirrases Professional Technical College, that can be used for non-drinking water uses. For this purpose, the supply and demand of rainwater was determined for both institutions, for the CTP Uladislao Gámez Solano a series of scenarios were proposed, which were subjected to a multicriteria evaluation to choose the scenario with the most feasibility for the institution, the hydraulic design of water distribution, the sizing of the storage tanks, as well as the collection of rainwater from the roofs were also products of the present project, and finally the total cost of investment for the proposed systems in each of the institutions was determined. For the CTP the Scenario C was chosen with a 81%, as the most effective to respond to the individual characteristics of the institution, which has two decentralized systems that supply two different groupings of the institution with two storage tanks , one of 65 m3 and another of 70 m3, the latter equal to the one obtained for La Cometa’s water harvesting system. Finally, an investment cost of CRC 19,865,149 was obtained for the CTP and of CRC 9,432,1512 for the La Cometa.

Published | Estracto de Revista Española de Estudios Agrosociales y Pesqueros nº 250, 2018 (127-159)

A gestão da água potável está se tornando cada vez mais importante nos dias atuais, uma vez que o consumo de água e a produção de esgoto estão aumentando constantemente nas residências. Embora o Brasil seja considerado um país rico em água, há muitas desigualdades no acesso. Assim, no contexto de elaboração de políticas públicas de saneamento voltadas para reverter esse quadro, vale avaliar a potencialidade de sistemas de aproveitamento da água de chuva como um cenário alternativo no planejamento estratégico na gestão municipal, no que tange ao sistema de abastecimento de água. Nesse estudo foram avaliados os consumos diários de residências e seus usos de 28 municípios de pequeno porte do Rio Grande do Sul, empregando-se o Método da Simulação para investigação da eficiência do aproveitamento de água de chuva. As séries temporais de precipitação utilizada neste trabalho possuem 60 anos e intervalos diários. O estudo da eficiência de sistemas de aproveitamento da água de chuva se deu através da avaliação da curva de garantia de atendimento das demandas, onde se considerou uma eficiência satisfatória com valor igual ou superior a 80%. Assim, foi possível estimar quais os melhores cenários em cada zona municipal. Ainda, elaborou-se uma avaliação socioeconômica da implantação do sistema em função de cada porcentagem da demanda residencial atendida, da quantidade de pessoas sem acesso ao serviço de abastecimento de água, além de relacionar os investimentos previstos ao setor no Plano Plurianual vigente de cada município e necessidade de ampliação do sistema de abastecimento de água. A garantia de atendimento das demandas variou em função de cada zona municipal estudada por fatores como precipitação e consumo de água. Os municípios com maior eficiência no aproveitamento de água de chuva, Áurea e São José das Missões, possuem baixa demanda e elevada precipitação. Da mesma forma, os municípios com o menor potencial de aproveitamento possuem elevada demanda e baixa precipitação, como os casos de Hulha Negra e Arambaré. Conclusivamente, o aproveitamento de água de chuva mostrou-se uma alternativa viável como um cenário complementar ao sistema de abastecimento de água regular. | Drinking water management is becoming more important nowadays since water consumption and sewage production are constantly increasing in households. Although Brazil is considered country rich in water there are many inequalities in access. Thus, in the elaboration of public sanitation policies aimed at reversing this situation it is important to evaluate the potentiality of rainwater utilization systems as an alternative scenario in the strategic planning in municipal management, in that concerns the water supply system. In this study were evaluated the daily consumption of residences and their uses in 28 small municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul, using the simulation method for reservoir sizing. A historical series of 60 years of precipitation was used. The study of the efficiency of rainwater utilization systems was assessed through the evaluation of the guarantee curve of the demands where it was considered a satisfactory efficiency with a value equal to or greater than 80%. Thus, it was possible to estimate the best scenarios in each Municipal area. Furthermore, a socio-economic evaluation of the implementation of the system was elaborated according to each percentage of the residential demand attended, the number of people without access to the water supply service, in addition to relate the investments predicted to Sector in the current multiannual plan of each municipality and the need to expand the water supply system. The guarantee varied according to each municipal area studied by factors such as precipitation and demand. The municipalities with greater efficiency in the use of rainwater, Áurea and São José das Missões, have low demand and high precipitation. Similarly, the municipalities with the lowest potential for use of rainwater have high demand and low precipitation, such as the cases of Hulha Negra and Arambaré. On the other hand, the municipality of Herval has low rainfall but the consumption of water in residences is not as high as the others municipalities providing a potential to supply all household uses. Conclusively, the use of rainwater has proved to be a viable alternative as a complementary scenario to the water supply system.