ABSTRACT: The availability of energy has changed humanity over the last centuries. The first types of energy used by humanity were renewable energies: biomass, wind, and water. But, for the last two centuries, fossil fuels have been the protagonists of world energy consumption. However, recently there has been an awareness of the great energy dependence on a finite resource, geographically concentrated in a few countries, which in addition to degrading the environment, is subject to large fluctuations in price. From renewable energies, hydroelectricity is currently the most important source in the Latin American electricity matrix. Current projections suggest that the installed hydroelectric capacity will continue to grow to meet future electricity demand. New turbine designs, such as gravitational water vortex hydraulic turbines, have drawn the attention of many researchers due to their easy installation and maintenance, and their low environmental impact. This work presents the hydropower potential and prospects for the implementation of this type of turbine in the Colombian context, and as well as a general description of the current panorama of the Colombian energy system. | RESUMEN: La disponibilidad de la energía ha cambiado a la humanidad en los últimos siglos. Los primeros tipos de energía utilizados por la humanidad fueron las energías renovables: la biomasa, el viento y el agua. Pero, desde hace dos siglos, los combustibles fósiles han sido los protagonistas del consumo energético mundial. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha tomado conciencia de la gran dependencia energética de un recurso finito, concentrado geográficamente en unos pocos países, que además de degradar el medio ambiente, está sujeto a grandes fluctuaciones de precio. De las energías renovables, la hidroelectricidad es actualmente la fuente más importante de la matriz eléctrica latinoamericana. Las proyecciones actuales sugieren que la capacidad hidroeléctrica instalada seguirá creciendo para satisfacer la futura demanda de electricidad. Los nuevos diseños de turbinas, como las turbinas hidráulicas de vórtice de agua gravitacional, han llamado la atención de muchos investigadores debido a su fácil instalación y mantenimiento, y su bajo impacto ambiental. Este trabajo presenta el potencial hidroeléctrico y las perspectivas de implementación de este tipo de turbinas en el contexto colombiano, así como una descripción general del panorama actual del sistema energético colombiano. | Universidad de Antioquia. Vicerrectoría de investigación. Comité para el Desarrollo de la Investigación - CODI | Colombia. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación - MinCiencias | COL0008058

Water intended for human consumption must meet the potability standards established by legal regulations. To ensure this, it is often necessary to carry out a series of treatment steps. These procedures typically involve the application of chemical agents, such as aluminum sulfate. However, the residual presence of these products in the water can lead to adverse impacts on the environment and human health. An alternative to address this issue is the adoption of cationic organic polymers as substitutes for conventional chemical agents. Chitosan, an organic polymer derived from chitin, plays a significant role in this context. However, under certain circumstances, modifications to the chitosan structure are required to enable its use as a cationic polysaccharide. One of the most commonly employed reagents for this purpose is 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC). In this context, this research aimed to produce a cationic polysaccharide derived from chitosan through the cationization process in different aqueous media using the CHPTAC reagent. The final product was then applied in water treatment, with variations in dosages and pH. The treatment system was simulated using equipment known as the "Jar Test," followed by filtration with filter paper. The research revealed that the cationization of chitosan resulted in a degree of substitution of 1.39, 1.03, and 0.80, respectively, in QCSA, QCSB, and QCSN. The synthesized chitosans achieved removal efficiencies of up to 97.9% for turbidity and 97.2% for color. Unaltered chitosan (QP) achieved a removal percentage of 98.5% for turbidity and 99.1% for color. Among the evaluated dosages, those frequently mentioned with the highest removal percentages were 15 mg/L; however, higher dosages also demonstrated satisfactory results, especially for QP. Regarding the tested pH ranges, each flocculant analyzed exhibited better performance within a specific pH range, with acidic pH being the most frequent. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of chitosan, both in cationic and non-cationic forms, in the physicochemical water treatment process, playing a significant role in reducing color and turbidity. These results highlight that the use of organic flocculants is a viable alternative to replace widely employed inorganic coagulants. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES | Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERS | A água destinada ao consumo humano deve cumprir os padrões de potabilidade estabelecidos por regulamentos legais, a fim de garantir isso muitas vezes se faz necessário realizar uma série de etapas de tratamento. Estes procedimentos geralmente envolvem a aplicação de agentes químicos, como o sulfato de alumínio, no entanto, a presença residual desses produtos na água pode induzir impactos adversos no meio ambiente e na saúde humana. Uma alternativa para abordar essa problemática é a adoção de polímeros orgânicos catiônicos como substitutos dos agentes químicos convencionais. A quitosana, um polímero orgânico, derivado da quitina, e desempenha um papel relevante nesse contexto. No entanto, em certas circunstâncias, é necessário efetuar modificações na estrutura da quitosana para viabilizar a sua utilização como um polissacarídeo catiônico. Um dos reagentes mais empregados para essa finalidade é o cloreto de 3-cloro-2-hidroxipropiltrimetilamônio (CHPTAC). Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo a produção de um polissacarídeo catiônico derivado da quitosana por meio do processo de cationização em diferentes meios aquosos, fazendo uso do reagente CHPTAC. O produto final foi então aplicado no tratamento de água, variando as dosagens e o pH. O sistema de tratamento foi simulado através do uso do equipamento conhecido como "Jar Test," seguido de filtração com papel filtro. A pesquisa revelou que a cationização da quitosana resultou em grau de substituição de 1,39, 1,03 e 0,80, respectivamente em QCSA, QCSB e QCSN. As quitosanas sintetizadas obtiveram eficiência de remoção de até 97,9% para turbidez e 97,2% para cor. Enquanto que a quitosana não adulterada (QP) alcançou um percentual de remoção de 98,5% da turbidez e 99,1% da cor. Entre as dosagens avaliadas, aquelas frequentemente mencionadas com os maiores percentuais de remoção foram de 15 mg/L, contudo, dosagens mais elevadas também demonstraram resultados satisfatórios para QP. Com relação às faixas de pH testadas, cada floculante analisado mostrou melhor desempenho em uma faixa de pH específica, sendo que o pH ácido foi o mais frequente. O estudo evidenciou a eficácia da quitosana, tanto na forma catiônica quanto não catiônica, no processo de tratamento físico-químico da água, desempenhando um papel significativo na redução de cor e turbidez. Esses resultados destacam que o uso de agentes floculantes orgânicos são uma alternativa viável à substituição dos coagulantes inorgânicos amplamente empregados.

Resumen Dada la diversidad de efectos observados en la infiltración del agua por el riego, resulta de interés profundizar este proceso en un suelo bajo riego complementario y su relación con las propiedades edáficas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar los cambios en el proceso de infiltración, como consecuencia del riego complementario (pivote central), a través del análisis y modelado de las variables físicas involucradas. Se realizaron veinte ensayos de infiltración (doble anillo), en lotes pertenecientes a la misma unidad cartográfica (serie Chacabuco), con el agua proveniente de las perforaciones. Los tratamientos fueron con riego, y sin riego (secano), en dos momentos del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) (antes de la campaña y posteriores a la cosecha). Se determinó la humedad inicial edáfica, textura, densidad aparente, y se calificó la calidad del agua de riego. Para el análisis se ajustaron los datos de campo a los modelos teóricos de Kostiakov (1932), Kostiakov-Lewis (1937), Green and Ampt (1911) y Philip (1957). Se realizó una Prueba t para un diseño apareado de la infiltración básica, conductividad hidráulica y sortividad. Los modelos aplicados y los parámetros obtenidos reflejaron las características texturales de los suelos en estudio. La infiltración ajustada por los modelos de Kostiakov y Kostiakov-Lewis, fue coincidente. Inicialmente la tasa de infiltración básica fue mayor en el sector de riego, luego de la campaña disminuyó a valores similares a los de secano. Las mejoras en la infiltración acumulada en el sector de riego debido al cultivo antecesor (trigo (Triticum aestivum L.)) no se conservan en el período de tiempo estudiado. La disminución de la tasa de infiltración en el primer minuto se podría explicar por el predominio de iones bicarbonato y sodio del agua de riego y su baja concentración salina, que incrementa el porcentaje de socio intercambiable en los primeros centímetros de los lotes regados. No se observaron efectos del riego sobre la conductividad hidráulica y la sortividad de los suelos. | Abstract Given the diversity of effects on water infiltration observed under irrigation, it is of interest to deepen the understanding of this process and its relationship with soil properties. The objective of this work was to determine changes in the infiltration process as a consequence of supplementary irrigation (central pivot) through the analysis and modeling of the physical variables involved. Twenty infiltration tests (double ring) were carried out in sites from the same cartographic unit (Chacabuco series) under irrigation with water from the aquifer. The treatments were with and without irrigation (rainfed) at two moments (before corn (Zea mays L.) crop season and after corn harvest). Initial water content, texture, and bulk density were determined, and the quality of water was assessed. For the analysis, field data were adjusted to the theoretical models of Kostiakov (1932), Kostiakov-Lewis (1937), Green and Ampt (1911), and Philip (1957). A t-test was performed for a paired design of the steady infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and sortivity. The applied models and the obtained parameters reflected the textural characteristics of the soils under study. The infiltration adjusted by the Kostiakov and Kostiakov-Lewis models was coincident. Initially the steady infiltration rate was higher in the sector under irrigation, but decreased to values similar to those under rainfed conditions at the end of the season. Improvements in the cumulative infiltration in the sector under irrigation due to the preceding crop (wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)) were not preserved in the period under study. The decrease in the infiltration rate during the first minute could be explained by the predominance of bicarbonate and sodium ions in the irrigation water and its low saline concentration, increasing of the exchangeable sodium percentage in the first centimeters of the irrigated sites. No effects of irrigation on the hydraulic conductivity and sortivity of the soils were observed.

El objetivo del informe de suficiencia profesional, fue realizar una evaluación de la calidad de agua subterránea para seleccionar el tratamiento de agua ideal para un pozo de la empresa agrícola FRUTÍCOLA S.A.C. del distrito de Santiago en el departamento de Ica, con la finalidad del usar dicha fuente de agua para el suministro de agua potable de la empresa. La evaluación se realizó aplicando la metodología del Índice de Calidad de Agua Universal (ICAU) que inició con la recolección de muestras de agua de pozo de manera mensual, por un periodo de tres meses de acuerdo a los parámetros indicados en Índice de Calidad de Agua Universal y también al anexo I, II y II del Decreto Supremo N°031-2010-SA. Luego se desarrolló el cálculo matemático del Índice de Calidad de Agua Universal (ICAU), con los valores obtenidos de los informes de ensayo de agua que permitió clasificar la calidad del agua de pozo y seleccionar un tratamiento ideal para su potabilización. Como resultado se determinó el rango de buena calidad para el agua de pozo y se pudo seleccionar como tratamiento de agua, una desinfección con Hipoclorito de Sodio al 5%, para su posterior uso como suministro de agua potable.

Este trabalho teve objetivo avaliar o efeito da concentração de nutrientes na água de irrigação, aplicados por fertirrigação, na uniformidade de distribuição de água em um sistema por gotejamento na cultura do crisântemo.

"En las zonas áridas y semiáridas la escasez de agua limita la capacidad productiva. Ante esta problemática, el sector agrícola requiere reducir la cantidad de agua utilizada e incrementar la eficiencia en el uso del agua (EUA). Los efluentes acuícolas representan una fuente hídrica y de fertilizantes que puede ser utilizada para la producción hidropónica de hortalizas. La verdolaga (Portulaca oleracea L.) y los romeritos (Suaeda edulis Flores Olv. & Noguez) forman parte de las tradiciones culinarias de México con factibilidad para ser cultivadas en sistemas hidropónicos, lo que permite incorporar aguas de calidad baja a los sistemas de producción. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar el rendimiento y la EUA de verdolaga y romerito cultivadas en sistema hidropónico con agua residual de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Para ello, se establecieron cuatro repeticiones por especie y un tratamiento control (sin plantas) para comparar cambios en el volumen disponible de agua para consumo, durante un periodo de 28 días, sin recambio de agua ni adición de nutrientes. La verdolaga presentó los valores mayores de peso fresco y seco de tallo, área foliar y contenido relativo de agua (t de Student, p≤0.05). Mientras que el romerito presentó los valores mayores de clorofila a y b (t de Student, p≤0.05). La EUA y el rendimiento de biomasa fresca y seca fue mayor en verdolaga (t de Student, p≤0.05). La biomasa fresca cosechada de verdolaga y romerito fue de 319.65±42.46 y 178.48±12.48 g tina-1, respectivamente, mientras que el consumo de agua promedio fue del 76 % en la verdolaga y del 91 % en el romerito. La conductividad eléctrica, los sólidos disueltos totales y la salinidad del medio de cultivo se incrementaron en todos los tratamientos a través del tiempo; para dichas variables el efluente de romerito presentó los valores mayores. La presencia de plantas disminuyó significativamente la concentración de nitratos y P del medio de cultivo. El contenido de K y Mn en la biomasa aérea fue mayor en plantas de verdolaga, mientras que el Na y el Mg fueron mayores en plantas de romerito (t de Student, p≤0.05). Las plantas de verdolaga y romerito reflejaron respuestas adecuadas para cultivarse en sistema hidropónico con efluente acuícola de tilapia, sin embargo, la productividad se vio limitada debido a la disminución en el contenido de N y P con el transcurso del tiempo..." | "In arid and semi-arid regions, the water scarcity leads to a reduction in productivity. Faced with this problem, agriculture needs to reduce the amount of water required for crops and increase the water use efficiency (WUE). Aquaculture wastewater can reduce the use of water and fertilizers and can be used for growing plants in hydroponic systems. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and romerito (Suaeda edulis Flores Olv. & Noguez) are part of traditional Mexican cuisine and adapt well to the cultivation without soil, which allows the use of low-quality water along with hydroponic farming. The aim of this study was to determine the yield and WUE of purslane and romerito grown in experimental hydroponic units with effluent water from Nile tilapia culture (Oreochromis niloticus). Four repetitions per species and a control treatment (without plants) were established to compare changes in water consumption, for 28 days, without replenishment of nutrients or water lost. Purslane showed the highest stem fresh and dry weight, leaf area and relative water content (p≤0.05, Student's t-test). While romerito plants showed the highest values of chlorophyll a and b (p≤0.05, Student's t-test). Fresh harvested biomass of purslane and romerito were 319.65±42.46 and 178.48±12.48 g per hydroponic unit, respectively, while average water consumption was 76 % in purslane and 91 % in romerito. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and salinity of growing media has increased over time in all treatments; romerito effluent showed the highest values. The presence of plants was found to significantly lower nitrate and P concentrations in wastewater effluent. Potassium and Mn showed higher concentration in the aerial biomass of purslane, while highest values of Na and Mg were presented in romerito plants (p≤0.05, Student's t-test). Purslane and romerito plants were found to be suitable for cultivation in hydroponic systems with tilapia effluent, however, the production, of these species appeared to be restricted due to the decrease in N and P content over time. Results showed that purslane reflected the highest potential for food production with the study scheme, due to its low nutritional requirements, more efficient use of water and its high nutritional value, especially in regions with limited agricultural land and water resources."

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue comprender las representaciones sociales (R.S), que se manifiestan en el plexo conflictivo socioambiental, que se ha desarrollado por el uso del agua entre Ecopetrol y la comunidad de la vereda la Esmeralda, en el municipio de Acacías, Departamento del Meta. Este plexo comprendió cuatro nexos conflictivos; el primero, es la tensión entre Ecopetrol y la comunidad por la inyección y reinyección de aguas; aquí indagamos la posible tensión que había entre el principio de precaución y justicia; el segundo nexo, se dio entre los mismos actores por la contaminación de varios jagüeyes y la posible tensión bioética entre el principio de respeto a la autonomía y precaución; en el tercero, se intentó averiguar la posible tensión entre justicia y responsabilidad por la mezcla que se da de aguas residuales y su contaminación; y el cuarto, dado por la tensión entre la Alcaldía, Ecopetrol y la Comunidad, originado por el incumplimiento en la construcción del acueducto veredal, del cual se intentó indagar el enfrentamiento entre los principios de justicia y autonomía. Para analizar estos nexos en primera instancia se acudió a los cuatro Principios Cardinales de Universalización, Individualización, Conservación y Realización de la Ética Convergente del filósofo argentino Ricardo Maliandi, los cuales en su modelo, permiten hacer especificaciones con otros principios que forman diferentes nexos conflictivos entre ellos; y en segunda instancia se acudió a técnicas metodológicas que ofrece la etnografía, en la cual se hizo uso de 36 entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados obtenidos, en el análisis de las Representaciones Sociales, develan que se puede llevar a la práctica la fundamentación teórica de la ética convergente de Ricardo Maliandi, en los conflictos Socioambientales haciendo una especificación de principios (homologación) Se puede concluir que el análisis de un conflicto socioambiental concreto, con la ayuda tanto de la estructura sincrónica y su flexión ética como de la estructura diacrónica con sus axiomas, ensambladas dentro de la biodimensionalidad de la razón; hace que salga a flote, la realidad de la conflictividad o lo que equivale a decir que florece información con nuevos elementos que pueden contribuir a la comprensión del conflicto en cuestión. Por consiguiente aumentar las posibilidades de resolución o de armonización de la conflictividad. Todo indica, que entre más contenido haya de un conflicto, se aumentan proporcionalmente las posibilidades de entenderlo, condición básica para buscar la convergencia. | Universidad El Bosque | Doctor en Bioética | Doctorado | The objective of this research was to understand the social representations (S.R.), which are manifested in the socio-environmental conflict plexus, which has developed due to the use of water between Ecopetrol and the community of the La Esmeralda village, in the municipality of Acacías, Department of Meta. This plexus included four conflictive nexus; The first is the tension between Ecopetrol and the community over the injection and reinjection of water; Here we investigate the possible tension that existed between the precautionary principle and justice; The second link occurred between the same actors due to the contamination of several jagüeyes and the possible bioethical tension between the principle of respect for autonomy and precaution; In the third, an attempt was made to determine the possible tension between justice and responsibility for the mixing of wastewater and its contamination; and the fourth, given by the tension between the Mayor's Office, Ecopetrol and the Community, caused by the non-compliance in the construction of the local aqueduct, of which an attempt was made to investigate the confrontation between the principles of justice and autonomy. To analyze these links, in the first instance, the four Cardinal Principles of Universalization, Individualization, Conservation and Realization of Convergent Ethics by the Argentine philosopher Ricardo Maliandi were used, which in his model allow making specifications with other principles that form different conflictive links between they; and in the second instance, methodological techniques offered by ethnography were used, in which 36 semi-structured interviews were used. The results obtained, in the analysis of Social Representations, reveal that the theoretical foundation of Ricardo Maliandi's convergent ethics can be put into practice in Socio-environmental conflicts by making a specification of principles (homologation). It can be concluded that the analysis of a specific socio-environmental conflict, with the help of both the synchronic structure and its ethical inflection and the diachronic structure with its axioms, assembled within the biodimensionality of reason; It brings to light the reality of the conflict or what is equivalent to saying that information flourishes with new elements that can contribute to the understanding of the conflict in question. Consequently, increasing the possibilities of resolution or harmonization of the conflict. Everything indicates that the more content there is of a conflict, the possibilities of understanding it increase proportionally, a basic condition for seeking convergence.

Water is a primordial element for the maintenance of life and its quality is a factor of great importance for human health. In areas of great fragility, such as rural settlements and irregular urban occupations, high rates of waterborne diseases can be observed due to lack of basic sanitation. Thus, from the monitoring of its quality, it is possible to determine whether the water which is distributed meets to the standards of potability, which include the exemption of microorganisms and chemical substances harmful to health. In this context, this project evaluated the origin and quality of the water used by the residents of ocupação do Glória and analyzed whether the investigated parameters are in accordance with Consolidation Ordinances 05/2017 and 888/2021, both from the Ministry of Health, which establishes water quality standards exclusively for human consumption. Bacteriological analysis (presence of coliforms) was performed using the multiple tube test. The parameters pH and total dissolved solids were investigated by physical-chemical methods in multiparameter equipment. The turbidity and color parameters were analyzed by specific equipment, such as the turbidimeter and spectrophotometer, respectively. BOD was performed using the BOD 5-20 method, by varying oxygen consumption over 5 days at 20°C. Samples were evaluated in triplicate collected at ten points determined after mapping the area. The results obtained did not show the presence of coliforms in the analyzed points. For the physical-chemical parameters, there were also no values above the limit established by legislation. However, the general health condition of the Élisson Prieto neighborhood is deficient, exposing the resident population to various health risks and the regularization of the sanitation system is necessary and urgent. | Pesquisa sem auxílio de agências de fomento | Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação) | A água é um elemento primordial para a manutenção da vida e sua qualidade é um fator de grande importância para a saúde humana. Em áreas de grande fragilidade, como assentamentos rurais e ocupações urbanas irregulares, podem ser observados elevados índices de doenças de veiculação hídrica devido à falta de saneamento básico. Assim, a partir do monitoramento da sua qualidade, é possível determinar se a água que está sendo distribuída atende aos padrões de potabilidade, que englobam a isenção de microrganismos e de substâncias químicas prejudiciais à saúde. Neste contexto, este projeto avaliou a origem e a qualidade da água utilizada pelos moradores da ocupação do Glória e analisou se os parâmetros investigados estão de acordo com as Portarias de Consolidação 05/2017 e 888/2021, ambas do Ministério da Saúde, que estabelecem os padrões de qualidade de água exclusivamente para o consumo humano. A análise bacteriológica (presença de coliformes) foi realizada pelo teste de tubos múltiplos. Os parâmetros pH e sólidos dissolvidos totais foram investigados por métodos físico-químicos em equipamento multiparâmetro. Já os parâmetros turbidez e cor foram analisados por equipamentos específicos, como o turbidímetro e espectrofotômetro, respectivamente. A DBO foi realizada pelo método DBO 5-20, pela variação de consumo de oxigênio durante 5 dias a 20°C. Foram avaliadas amostras em triplicata coletadas em dez pontos determinados após o mapeamento da área. Os resultados obtidos não mostraram a presença de coliformes nos pontos analisados. Para os parâmetros físico-químicos, também não houveram valores acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação. Porém, a condição geral sanitária do Bairro Élisson Prieto apresenta-se deficiente, expondo a população residente a diversos riscos à saúde e a regularização do sistema de saneamento se faz necessária e urgente.

The use of quality indicators guarantees the accurate monitoring of sustainability processes around the world. This work proposes a protocol to detail the indicators that make up the rural basin management index (GWI) in order to assess the degree of water management in a predominantly rural basin or region. The methodology contemplates the development of indicators to evaluate performance and its monitoring over time as the basis for planning. This research is based on the in situ evaluation of four municipalities within the department of Boyacá, Colombia, where there is a lack of a culture regarding the long-term planning and management of water and environmental resources. Water availability is the most sensitive factor in this context. This study raises the need for the use of monitoring systems in sustainability processes at the level of rural basins, as a result of the findings of four study cases, where processes with a low level of sustainability were evidenced. | Peer Reviewed | Postprint (published version)