Inúmeras pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas com intuito de otimizar a produção de hortaliças utilizando resíduos obtidos a partir do processamento de outras matérias primas, destacando a utilização da água residuária da mandioca - manipueira, porquanto apresenta expressiva carga orgânica e nutrientes importantes para o desenvolvimento das plantas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o crescimento e produção do coentro cv. Verdão submetido a doses de manipueira, na ausência e presença de esterco bovino. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial (2x5) com 5 repetições, totalizando 50 unidades experimentais. Os fatores estudados foram: presença (3,9 kg m-2) e ausência de esterco bovino e doses de manipueira (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 m³ ha-1). Foram utilizados recipientes de plástico com capacidade de 3 dm³, preenchido com solo da camada de 0-0,20 m de um LATOSSOLO AMARELO Ditrocoeso típico. Os maiores rendimentos do coentro foram obtidos com a aplicação de manipueira em conjunto com esterco bovino. A aplicação de 45 m³ ha-1 de manipueira, na presença de esterco bovino, proporcionou maiores área foliar, massa fresca da parte aérea e suculência da parte aérea. Os tratamentos submetidos apenas às diferentes doses de manipueira, na ausência de esterco bovino, apresentaram resposta linear positiva para a maioria das variáveis analisadas, indicando que doses mais elevadas de manipueira poderiam vir a suprimir a demanda nutricional do coentro em substituição ao esterco bovino. | Numerous researches have been developed in order to optimize the vegetables production using residues obtained from the processing of other raw materials, highlighting the use of cassava wastewater as it presents a significant organic load and important nutrients for the plant development. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the growth and production of coriander cv. Verdão submitted to cassava wastewater doses, in the absence and presence of bovine manure. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, with the treatments distributed in a factorial scheme (2x5) with 5 replications, totaling 50 experimental units. The studied factors were: presence (3.9 kg m-2) and absence of bovine manure and doses of cassava wastewater (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 m³ ha-1). Plastic containers with a capacity of 3 dm³ were used, filled with soil from the 0-0.20 m layer of a typical Latossolo Amarelo (Densic Ferralsol; Oxisol). The highest yields of coriander were obtained with the application of cassava wastewater in conjunction with bovine manure. The application of 45 m³ ha-1 of cassava wastewater, in the presence of bovine manure, provided larger leaf area, fresh mass of the aerial part and succulence of the aerial part. The treatments submitted only to the different doses of cassava wastewater, in the absence of bovine manure, showed a positive linear response for most of the variables analyzed, indicating that higher doses of cassava wastewater could suppress the nutritional demand of coriander in substitution to bovine manure. | Se han desarrollado numerosas investigaciones para optimizar la producción de vegetales utilizando residuos obtenidos del procesamiento de otras materias primas, destacando el uso de aguas residuales de yuca ya que tiene una carga orgánica significativa y nutrientes importantes para desarrollo de plantas. En este contexto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento y la producción de cilantro cv. Verdão sometido a dosis de aguas residuales de yuca, en ausencia y presencia de estiércol bovino. El estudio se realizó en un invernadero, en un diseño completamente al azar, con los tratamientos distribuidos en un esquema factorial (2x5) con 5 repeticiones, totalizando 50 unidades experimentales. Los factores estudiados fueron: presencia (3.9 kg m-2) y ausencia de estiércol bovino y dosis de aguas residuales de yuca (0, 15, 30, 45 y 60 m³ ha-1). Se utilizaron envases de plástico con capacidad de 3 dm³, rellenas con tierra de la capa de 0-0,20 m de un LATOSOL AMARILLO típico. Los mayores rendimientos de cilantro se obtuvieron con la aplicación de aguas residuales de yuca junto con estiércol bovino. La aplicación de 45 m³ ha-1 de aguas residuales de yuca, en presencia de estiércol bovino, proporcionó mayor área foliar, masa fresca de la parte aérea y suculencia de la parte aérea. Los tratamientos sometidos solo a las diferentes dosis de aguas residuales de yuca, en ausencia de estiércol bovino, mostraron una respuesta lineal positiva para la mayoría de las variables analizadas, lo que indica que dosis más altas de manipueira podrían suprimir la demanda nutricional de cilantro en lugar de estiércol bovino.

In the numerical simulation of groundwater flow, uncertainties often affect the precision of the simulation results. Stochastic and statistical approaches such as the Monte Carlo method, the Neumann expansion method and the Taylor series expansion, are commonly employed to estimate uncertainty in the final output. Based on the first-order interval perturbation method, a combination of the interval and perturbation methods is proposed as a viable alternative and compared to the well-known equal interval continuous sampling method (EICSM). The approach was realized using the GFModel (an unsaturated-saturated groundwater flow simulation model) program. This study exemplifies scenarios of three distinct interval parameters, namely, the hydraulic conductivities of six equal parts of the aquifer, their boundary head conditions, and several hydrogeological parameters (e.g. specific storativity and extraction rate of wells). The results show that the relative errors of deviation of the groundwater head extremums (RDGE) in the late stage of simulation are controlled within approximately ±5% when the changing rate of the hydrogeological parameter is no more than 0.2. From the viewpoint of the groundwater head extremums, the relative errors can be controlled within ±1.5%. The relative errors of the groundwater head variation are within approximately ±5% when the changing rate is no more than 0.2. The proposed method of this study is applicable to unsteady-state confined water flow systems.

Se pretende mejorar la gestión, la conservación y el aprovechamiento del recurso hídrico en la microcuenca de Santa Isabel, Honduras; mediante el fomento de actividades para conservar los recursos naturales en las comunidades aledañas, tales como transferencia de prácticas y conocimientos, promoción de oraganización comunitaria en juntas administrativas y el apoyo del Fondo Verde para servicios ambientales, prestamos de operación y mantenimiento de los sistemas de agua potable y así garantizar su disponibilidad y la satisfacción de la demanda actual y futura. Se expone brevemente la dirección del proyecto en sus fases de organización con la comunidad y la situación del recurso hídrico con los logros del proyecto y los factores pendientes por resolver.

During the last decades a potential demographic growth is evident; therefore, a depletion of resources and spaces that reveal a constant degradation of ecosystems such as rivers, which receive illegal discharges without prior treatment as a result of industrial processes such as the previous procedure to consume certain foods. For instance, the Lupinus mutabilis, Sweet (lupine), it is a nutritious, healthy and natural food. This Andean grain has as its main obstacle that is the presence of alkaloids, which are toxic and have a bitter taste; thus, the need arises to remove them through a debittering process for human consumption. The following research is focused on the physicochemical and microbiological characterization of the water used in the subprocesses of lupine debittering by the traditional method, which was carried out in the laboratories of the Technical University of Cotopaxi, Salache campus. In other words, it is about a general diagnosis of the water quality indicators,the efficiency of the debittering method in the two varieties (INIAP 450 ANDINO and INIAP 451 GUARANGUITO) and two ecotypes (Peruvian Ecotype and Native Local Ecotype) for the two dry-tender maturity indices by taking into account the percentage of alkaloids present in each debittering sub-process (hydration, cooking and washing) with an environmental focus on the alternatives of savings in water consumption and its reuse; consequently, avoiding clandestine discharges with high levels of alkaloids. Through design in test phase, an analysis of variance was carried out from simple samples of each debittering sub-process where the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics xiv were determined. According to the data obtained, the corresponding analysis was carried out for each parameter of pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, BOD5, COD and dissolved, suspended and total solids. The comparison between the two varieties and two ecotypes of the dry-tender maturity indices, determine which of these reports data within the Maximum Permissible Limits described in the current environmental regulations "Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation" (TULSMA) considering the quality criteria for discharges to a public sewer system. The results reported data indicating a higher concentration of pollutant load in the water of the cooking sub-process due to the alkaloid removal capacity as far as it was exposed to a temperature of 90ºC for 30 minutes, all the parameters presented this alteration. As a result of the difference between the two maturity indices, tender lupine tends to eliminate alkaloids faster with 9 washes compared to dry lupinewith 12 washes | Durante las últimas décadas se evidencia un potencial crecimiento demográfico por ende un agotamiento de recursos y espacios, factores que ponen en manifiesto una constante degradación de los ecosistemas como lo son los ríos que reciben descargas ilegales sin previo tratamiento, resultado de procesos industriales como el procedimiento previo para consumir ciertos alimentos. Poniendo como ejemplo a Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (chocho), es un alimento nutritivo, saludable y natural. Este grano andino tiene como principal obstáculo la presencia de alcaloides, los cuales son tóxicos y de sabor amargo por ende surge la necesidad de removerlos a través de un proceso de desamargado para el consumo humano. La presente investigación está enfocada en la caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua empleada en los subprocesos del desamargado del chocho por el método tradicional, que se realizó en los laboratorios de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi campus Salache; es decir un diagnóstico general de los indicadores de calidad del agua. También la eficiencia del método para el desamargado en las dos variedades (INIAP 450 ANDINO e INIAP 451 GUARANGUITO) y dos ecotipos (Ecotipo Peruano y Ecotipo Local Nativo) para los dosíndices de madurez seco-tierno, tomando en consideración el porcentaje de alcaloides presentes en cada subproceso del desamargado (hidratación, cocción y lavados); con un enfoque ambiental en las alternativas tanto el ahorro en el consumo del agua y la xii reutilización de la misma, evitando así las descargas clandestinas con altos niveles de alcaloides. Por medio del diseño en fase de prueba, se realizó un análisis de varianza, que partir de la toma de muestras simples de cada subproceso del desamargado, se determinó las características fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas. Y de acuerdo a los datos obtenidos se realizóel análisis correspondiente para cada parámetro de pH, temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, turbidez, DBO5, DQO y sólidos disueltos, suspendidos y totales; y la comparación entre las dos variedades y dos ecotipos de los índices de madurez seco-tierno para determinar cuál de estas reporta datos dentro de los Límites Máximos Permisibles descritos en la normativa ambiental vigente “Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria de Medio Ambiente” (TULSMA) teniendo en cuenta los niveles aceptables en las descargas a un sistema de alcantarillado público. Los resultados reportaron datos indicando mayor concentración de carga contaminante en el agua del subproceso de cocción por la capacidad de remoción de alcaloides debido a que fue expuesta a una temperatura de 90ºC por 30 minutos; todos los parámetros presentaron esta alteración. Como resultado entre los dos índices de madurez el chocho tierno tiende a eliminar alcaloides más rápido con 9 lavados respecto al chocho seco con 12 lavados.

La aireación es el principal consumidor de electricidad en el tratamiento de las aguas residuales municipales, presente en ciertos procesos biológicos, como los lodos activados, los cuales demandan entre el 50-70% de los costos de la energía necesaria para tratamiento del agua residual. Por consiguiente, para lograr una alta eficiencia de la transferencia de oxígeno en los tratamientos biológicos aeróbicos, son usados comúnmente los difusores de burbuja fina. El desempeño de las membranas de los difusores de burbuja fina es afectado por el ensuciamiento que comprende la acumulación de sustancias suspendidas o disueltas sobre su superficie y/o dentro de sus poros, ocasionando el incremento de los costos de operación, asociados a los sistemas de aireación. Con el propósito de mitigar el ensuciamiento en la industria del tratamiento de aguas residuales, son usadas diferentes técnicas de limpieza convencionales que traen consigo desventajas. El presente trabajo evalúa la técnica de limpieza convencional mediante la adición de agentes químicos y la limpieza con ultrasonido, siendo esta ultima una técnica novedosa para remover el ensuciamiento en difusores de burbuja fina; desde el punto de vista de la presión de descarga, costos de operación, eficiencia y transferencia de oxígeno en condiciones estándar. Los resultados muestran que la aplicación de las técnicas de limpieza recupera parcialmente la transferencia de oxígeno en las membranas difusoras y a la reducen los costos operativos.Concluyendo que, entre las tres técnicas de limpieza evaluadas, el ultrasonido es el que presenta los mejores resultados. | 1. GLOSARIO ...................................................................................................................... 10 2. RESUMEN........................................................................................................................ 13 3. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................ 14 4. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ......................................................................... 16 5. DELIMITACIÓN.............................................................................................................. 18 5.1 Conceptual....................................................................................................................................18 5.2 Geográfica ....................................................................................................................................18 6. OBJETIVOS ..................................................................................................................... 20 6.1 Objetivo general...........................................................................................................................20 6.2 Objetivos específicos ..................................................................................................................20 7. ANTECEDENTES............................................................................................................ 21 8. JUSTIFICACIÓN ............................................................................................................. 24 9. MARCO TEÓRICO.......................................................................................................... 25 9.1 Difusores empleados en el tratamiento de aguas.....................................................................26 9.1.1 Difusores de burbuja gruesa:............................................................................................. 26 9.1.2 Difusores de burbuja fina:................................................................................................. 27 9.2 Ensuciamiento de los difusores .................................................................................................28 9.3 Limpieza de difusores de membrana utilizadas en la industria del agua .............................30 9.4 Tratamientos de limpieza de membrana en difusores de burbuja fina .................................31 9.4.1 Limpieza física:................................................................................................................. 31 9.4.2 Limpieza química:............................................................................................................. 31 9.5 Limpieza de membranas con ultrasonido.................................................................................32 9.5.1 Antecedentes de limpieza de membranas con ultrasonido................................................ 32 10. METODOLOGÍA ............................................................................................................. 35 11. RESULTADOS Y ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS ........................................................ 43 11.1 Análisis de las técnicas de limpieza en difusores de burbuja fina a escala 1:33.................43 11.1.1 Evaluación de la transferencia de oxígeno:....................................................................... 44 11.1.2 Evaluación de la presión de descarga (DWP):.................................................................. 46 11.1.3 Costos de operación – Banco de pruebas:......................................................................... 47 11.2 Simulación de limpieza a diferentes configuraciones de procesos de lodos activados......49 11.2.1 Evaluación de la transferencia de oxígeno:....................................................................... 49 11.2.2 Evaluación de los costos de operación.............................................................................. 52 12. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................................ 54 13. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.............................................................................. 56 14. ANEXOS .......................................................................................................................... 61 A. Implementación de limpieza de membranas de ultra y microfiltración con ultrasonido. ..61 B. Tipos de difusores empleados en el tratamiento de agua residual ........................................63 C. Características de difusores disponibles en el mercado por diferentes fabricantes............64 D. Limpieza química en difusores de membrana tubulares (Jiang et al., 2020).......................65 E. Ecuaciones de aireación..............................................................................................................66 F. Estructuración de difusores de burbuja fina a escala 1:33 .....................................................67 G. Hoja de cálculo de la aplicación de resultados a diferentes configuraciones de procesos de lodos activados.............................................................................................................................67 | Aeration is the main consumer of electricity in municipal wastewater treatment, present in certain biological processes, such as activated sludge, which demand between 50-70% of the energy costs necessary for wastewater treatment. Therefore, in order to achieve high efficiency of oxygen transfer in the Aerobic biological treatments, fine bubble diffusers are commonly used. The performance of fine bubble diffuser membranes is affected by fouling, which comprises the accumulation of suspended or dissolved substances on their surface and / or within their pores, causing increased operating costs associated with air conditioning systems. aeration. In order to mitigate fouling in the industry of the wastewater treatment, different conventional cleaning techniques are used that bring with them disadvantages. The present work evaluates the conventional cleaning technique by adding chemical agents and cleaning with ultrasound, the latter being a novel technique to remove dirt in fine bubble diffusers; from the point of view of discharge pressure, operating costs, efficiency and oxygen transfer under standard conditions. The Results show that the application of cleaning techniques partially recovers the oxygen transfer in the diffuser membranes and reduces operating costs, concluding that, among the three cleaning techniques evaluated, ultrasound is the one that presents the best results. | Pregrado

In the present investigation, the postharvest behavior of two genetic materials of Lupinus mutabilis (Var. Andino 451 and Local Native Ecotype) and the use of ozonated water (O3) in three doses (0.0ppm, 0.35ppm, and 0.48ppm) were evaluated. in the washing process to debitter them. For which a DBCA was used with a 2x3 factorial arrangement with 3 repetitions and 18 experimental units. The following results were obtained: the best genetic material was the native Local ecotype with 0.22% alkaloids in the third wash. The best concentration was 0.48 with 0.18% alkaloid in the third wash and the best treatment T3 (native local ecotype with 0.48ppm dose) with 0.22% alkaloid in the third wash. Regarding the indicators evaluated in postharvest on the sixth day of storage under environmental conditions, the best treatment was T3 with 67.44% humidity; 14.81% ash; 7.54 pH; firmness 3 Kg / cm3; 24.71 g of weight; and 0% presence of pests and diseases. | En la presente investigación se evaluó el comportamiento en poscosecha de dos materiales genéticos de Lupinus mutabilis (Var. Andino 451 y Ecotipo Local Nativo) y el uso de agua ozonificada (O3) en tres dosis (0.0ppm, 0.35ppm, y 0.48ppm) en el proceso de lavado para desamargarlos. Para el cual se utilizó un DBCA con un arreglo factorial de 2x3 con 3 repeticiones y 18 unidades experimentales. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: el mejor material genético fue el ecotipo Local nativo con 0,22% de alcaloides en el tercer lavado. La mejor concentración fue 0.48 con 0,18% de alcaloide en el tercer lavado y el mejor tratamiento T3 (ecotipo local nativo con dosis 0,48ppm) con 0,22% de alcaloide en el tercer Lavado. En cuanto a los indicadores evaluados en poscosecha al sexto día de almacenamiento en condiciones ambientales, el mejor tratamiento fue T3 con 67,44% de humedad; 14,81% ceniza; 7,54 pH; firmeza 3 Kg/cm3; 24,71 g de peso; y 0 % presencia de plagas y enfermedades. Se determinó que el uso de agua ozonificada facilita el desamargado y mejora la duración en poscosecha.

A soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) é o principal grão produzido atualmente no Brasil. Entretanto, diversos fatores, como o elevado teor de água dos grãos e a presença de impurezas e matérias estranhas, propiciam condições que resultam em perdas qualitativas de grande importância no armazenamento, as quais prejudicam a comercialização e utilização do produto. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interferência do teor de água de colheita e do teor de impurezas sobre a qualidade de grãos de soja ao longo do armazenamento. A colheita ocorreu em duas etapas, a primeira com 18% de teor de água e, a segunda, com 12%. Os grãos foram submetidos à secagem até atingirem 11% de teor de água. Após, metade foi completamente limpa (0% de impurezas), enquanto outra metade permaneceu com 1% de impurezas. Os grãos foram armazenados por oito meses, em sacos de papel kraft, sendo realizadas amostragens a cada 60 dias para análises laboratoriais. Foram analisados o teor de água, peso de mil grãos, massa específica, proteína bruta, cinzas, extrato etéreo, carboidratos, incidência de fungos e realizada a classificação dos grãos. O teor de água de equilíbrio no armazenamento foi superior nos grãos colhidos com 12% de teor de água e variou conforme a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. A incidência de Fusarium spp., Phomopsis spp. e Cercospora spp. foi maior em grãos colhidos com 12% de teor de água e reduziu com o decorrer do armazenamento, independentemente do teor de água de colheita e teor de impurezas, enquanto aumentou a incidência de Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium spp. A permanência dos grãos no campo e a presença de impurezas influenciaram negativamente a classificação dos grãos. Grãos colhidos com 18% de teor de água mantiveram o Padrão Básico de classificação em todo armazenamento, enquanto grãos colhidos com 12% de teor de água classificaram-se como Fora de Tipo aos 180 dias de armazenagem na presença de impurezas, e aos 240 dias na ausência de impurezas. Os teores de proteínas, extrato etéreo e cinzas foram maiores em grãos colhidos com 12% de teor de água. Grãos armazenados sem impurezas também apresentaram maiores teores de proteínas e extrato etéreo, em contrapartida, para carboidratos ocorreu o inverso. Os teores de proteínas e carboidratos reduziram no armazenamento, enquanto aumentou o de extrato etéreo. A colheita dos grãos com 18% de teor de água, seguida de secagem, e a retirada das impurezas mantêm a qualidade de grãos de soja por mais tempo no armazenamento. | Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the major grain produced in Brazil. However, several factors, as inappropriate grain moisture and grain impurities, provide conditions that result in significant qualitative losses during storage, which damage product use and its commercialization. The objective of this study was to determinate the interference of harvest moisture and impurities content in the quality of soybeans during storage. The grains were harvested at two times, the first when they achieved a moisture content of 18% and the second when they achieved 12%. The grains were dried until 11% moisture content. After, half was completely cleaned (0% impurities), while the other half remained with 1% of impurities. The grains were stored for eight months, and every 60 days were evaluated the moisture content, 1.000-grain weight, bulk density, crude protein, mineral material, ether extract, carbohydrates, incidence of fungi and grain grading. The moisture content during storage was higher in grains harvested at 12% moisture content and it oscillated according to air temperature and relative humidity. Fusarium spp., Phomopsis spp. and Cercospora spp. occurrence were higher when grains were harvested at 12% moisture content and it decreased over storage, independently of harvest moisture and impurity content, while Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. incidence increased. Harvest delay and impurities had a negative effect on grain grading. Grains harvested at 18% moisture maintained Basic Standard grading on storage, while grains harvested at 12% moisture were off grade after 180 days of storage when stored with impurities, and after 240 days when stored without impurities. Protein, ether extract and mineral material content were higher in grains harvested at 12% moisture content. Grains harvested at 18% moisture maintained Basic Standard grading on storage, while grains harvested at 12% moisture were off grade after 180 days of storage when stored with impurities, and after 240 days when stored without impurities. Protein, ether extract and mineral material content were higher in grains harvested at 12% moisture content. Grains stored without impurities also had higher protein and ether extract content, while for carbohydrates the opposite occurred. Protein and carbohydrate content decreased in storage, while ether extract increased. Harvesting grains at 18% moisture, followed by drying and removing impurities, maintain quality longer in storage.

Groundwater in the Yinchuan Plain (China) is a critical domestic resource that is also used for agricultural irrigation and to maintain ecological environments, among other purposes. Recent research has shown that ineffective planning of water resources, along with large-scale groundwater pumping (mining) has led to ecological problems. To further analyze the characteristics of the regional groundwater flow patterns, and guide the development and utilization of water resources, potentiometric, hydrochemical, and isotopic data were collected along a 60-km transect that crosses the middle Yinchuan Plain. The data were used to develop a two-dimensional conceptual model of the sources, flow patterns, and geochemical evolution of groundwater from the Helan Mountains in the west across the Yellow River in the east. An important component of the model is that in the process of groundwater flow from west to east, the flow direction changes due to the influence of a thick fine-grained sandy-clay unit and long-term groundwater pumping. Local lakes and the shallow groundwater system are recharged by water from the Yellow River. Geochemically, water within the proluvial deposits exhibits relatively low concentrations of total dissolved solids. Further east, the water gradually becomes brackish. The geochemical composition of the shallow groundwater beneath the fluviolacustrine plain west of the Yellow River is also controlled by evaporation, precipitation and cation exchange processes. In other areas, groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by water–rock interactions and cation exchange. This study enhances understanding of groundwater flow in the region, and provides information critical to water resources development and management.