La transmisión acelerada del virus covid-19 a escala mundial y la declaración de pandemia por parte de la OMS alertó a los países del planeta sobre la adopción de medidas para impedir su propagación y proteger la salud de los seres humanos. En el presente artículo se pretende dar a conocer si el covid-19 se transmite a través del agua residual y si su detección es útil para determinar su infectividad o capacidad de producir enfermedad, o si se puede usar como herramienta de vigilancia epidemiológica. La falta de conocimiento de este nuevo virus y la necesidad de una pronta mitigación de su esparcimiento han impulsado a los investigadores a conocer su estructura, origen, forma de transmisión, forma de reproducción, factores ambientales que influyen en su persistencia y técnicas de detección en muestras de agua. | The accelerated transmission of the covid-19 virus worldwide and the declaration of a pandemic by WHO alerted the countries around the world to adopt security measures to prevent its spread and protect the health of human beings. This article aims to divulge whether covid-19 is transmitted through wastewater and if its detection is useful to determine its infectivity disease production capacity or if it can be used as an epidemiological surveillance tool. The lack of knowledge of this new virus and the need for timely mitigation of its spread has motivated researchers to know about its structure, origin, way of transmission, way of replication, environmental factors that influence its persistence, and detection techniques in water samples. | Bióloga de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, especialista en Microbiología de la Universidad de los Andes, coordinadora del Laboratorio de Ingeniería Ambiental y profesora titular de la Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería. gladys.gonzalez@escuelaing.edu.co

A contaminação da água por agrotóxicos tem preocupado a população, principalmente as que residem em comunidades rurais onde são utilizadas práticas agrícolas degradantes. No Brasil, a utilização de agrotóxicos na produção de alimentos tem aumentado crescentemente, favorecendo a contaminação do solo, da água e das pessoas do campo. Outro fator preocupante é a disponibilidade da água, uma vez que os rios estão cada vez mais assoreados e contaminados, comprometendo os ecossistemas aquáticos. O monitoramento de resíduos químicos da qualidade da água é um desafio, dada sua dinâmica e onerosidade. Além disso, as populações rurais muitas vezes não são atendidas por sistemas de abastecimento de água tratada, e assim, utilizam sistemas de abastecimentos alternativos como os poços rasos, estando sujeitas a exposições a agentes químicos e micro-organismos patogênicos. Por isso, é necessário articular pesquisas com demandas sociais, incorporando saberes tradicionais como parte equitativamente importante no processo de construção do conhecimento. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetivou identificar indicadores etnohidrológicos utilizados pela população para qualificar a água; caracterizar uso e ocupação do solo que possam interferir na qualidade da água; analisar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica da água de poços de abastecimento residenciais; analisar a qualidade física e química de diferentes pontos do rio Turvo Limpo; identificar alterações em brânquias de peixes que possam ser atribuídas à qualidade da água do rio Turvo Limpo; e relacionar indicadores etnohidrológicos com indicadores físico-químicos e microbiológicos da água. Foram realizadas entrevistas com oito famílias individualmente, guiadas por roteiro para caracterização do uso do solo e da água e identificação por meio da análise de conteúdo dos indicadores etnohidrológicos. Brânquias de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) mantidas em aquários contendo água coletada de três diferentes pontos do rio Turvo Limpo foram utilizados analisadas. Os principais indicadores etnohidrológicos identificados foram organolépticos. Outros indicadores foram relacionados à observação de mudanças da paisagem, como urbanização desordenada, plantio de eucalipto e pastagens, presença de espuma na água, presença de fossas próximas à fonte de captação de água, e adoecimento e morte dos peixes. Análises físico-químicas dos pontos do rio mostraram que alguns padrões estão fora do recomendável pela resolução no 357/2005 (CONAMA), corroborando a hipótese que atividades agropecuárias influenciam na qualidade da água. Análises histológicas das brânquias dos peixes expostos à água do rio Turvo Limpo mostraram que a qualidade da água difere no decorrer do rio, sendo alguns pontos mais prejudiciais às lamelas branquiais. Após análise microbiológica, as águas de apenas dois poços estavam apropriadas para consumo humano. A pesquisa quando incorpora as pessoas envolvidas como parte ativa do processo de investigação, tende a ser beneficiada com inúmeras informações e uma vasta riqueza de detalhes. A articulação científica com o saber tradicional é possível, vantajosa e enriquecedora. Os trabalhadores e trabalhadoras que cuidam da terra e da água, carregam consigo um acúmulo de sabedoria repassado de geração a geração e, por isso, a etnohidrologia é uma ferramenta metodológica que possibilita uma visão holística e ampla para a compreensão de questões relacionadas ao uso e gestão da água. Palavras-chave: Etnoindicadores. Bioindicadores. Etnohidrologia. Ecotoxicologia. | The contamination of water by pesticides is alarming and has worried the population, especially those who reside in rural communities where degrading agricultural practices were used. Brazil has continually increased the consumption of pesticides in food production, favoring the contamination of the soil, water, and farmworkers. Other concerning factors are the availability of water, with rivers increasingly silted and contaminated, consequently compromising aquatic ecosystems. The monitoring of water quality is a challenge, given its dynamics and multiple uses. Analyses of chemicals residues in water are costly, making it difficult to carry out routine monitoring of the standards established for human consumption. Furthermore, rural populations often do not have access to treated water supply and distribution systems, thus they use alternative supply systems like shallow wells, which are subject to harmful chemical and microbiological agent exposure. Due to these challenges, social demanded research is necessary, incorporating traditional knowledge as an equally important part in the knowledge construction process. On this manner, we aimed to identify ethnohydrological indicators in water qualification and relate those indexes to fish physiology parameters. To archive those goals, we characterized the soil use and occupation linked to water quality. We described the physical, chemical, and microbiological features of sampled water from residential supply wells and different spots of Turvo Limpo River. In this manner, we analyzed attributed water quality fish gills parameters, and correlate to the ethnohydrological indicators. To understand such indicators, we conducted individual interviews with eight families, guided by a script to understand and identify ethnohydrological indexes. Furthermore, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) gills’ maintained in aquariums containing water from three different Turvo Limpo River points were analyzed. The primary ethnohydrological indicators identified were organoleptics. Beside this, indicators were identified and related to the observations, mainly in the landscape changes, with the disorderly urbanization process, eucalyptus plantation and pasture, presence of foam in the water and pits near the water intake source, and fish sickness and death. The physicochemical analyses of the river’s water showed that some standards are outside of the recommendation of CONAMA resolution no 357/2005. In addition, to corroborate the hypothesis that agricultural activities influence water quality. The gills histological analyses of the fish exposed to river water showed that water quality differs along the river and the point three the most damaging for branchial lamellae, after the meeting point of the Turvo Limpo and Turvo Sujo River. According to the well samples microbiological result, the water only of two wells were appropriate for human consumption. When research incorporates the people involved as an active part of the investigation process, it tends to benefit from a wealth of information and a richness of details. Scientific articulation with traditional knowledge is possible, advantageous, and enriching. The workers who care for the soil and water, and feels need to be heard, carry with them an accumulation of wisdom passed on from generation to generation. Fetching up, ethnohydrology is a methodological tool that allows for a broad and holistic vision on the use and management of water. Keywords: Ethnohydrological indicators. Bioindicators. Traditional knowledge. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Se presenta el análisis que hace el Foro Económico Mundial sobre la correlación del agua con la mayor parte de las actividades humanas, señalando el incremento de la presión sobre las agendas sociales, políticas, económicas y medioambientales. Con este antecedente se analizan los factores meteorológicos, geográficos, demográficos y los generados por el impacto del cambio climático en México, señalando los grandes retos para la administración de los recursos hídricos: posicionar su gestión como un asunto estratégico y de seguridad nacional; garantizar el derecho humano al agua, saneamiento y a un medio ambiente sano; cumplir con los objetivos de desarrollo sustentable; lograr la equidad de género; establecer la transparencia y rendición de cuentas, y desconcentrar y descentralizar la gestión del agua. Se hacen propuestas de solución, estableciendo tiempos y costos. Destacan dos conclusiones: no se puede resolver el reto del agua en México en seis años, pero sí es posible establecer las bases para hacerlo. Se requieren al menos 24 años (2042) para contar con infraestructura que contribuya a lograr la sustentabilidad y seguridad hídrica en el país.

This book aims to present research carried out by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) and its partners regarding United Nations? Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14), whose title is Life below water. This goal is part of a set of 17 goals agreed upon in 2015 by the UN member states, as part of a plan of action to eradicate poverty, protect the planet and ensure that people achieve peace and prosperity: the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. | Translated by Paulo de Holanda Morais.

In this book, Embrapa exposes its interfaces and synergies with SDG 6 (ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all) and its respective targets, showing the alignment of this SDG with 3 of its 5 impact axes and with 4 of the 12 strategic objectives, expressed in its VI Plano Diretor (VI Master Plan). | Translated by Paulo de Holanda Morais.

Expone el objetivo de las escuelas positivas, en base al aprendizaje y al bienestar socioemocional y mental de los estudiantes, así como en su salud física. Menciona a la anemia y enfermedades diarreicas que se producen por falta de hábitos saludables de higiene y por poco consumo de verduras, así como las prácticas sanitarias a realizar para combatir esa situación de salud. Finalmente, da a conocer acciones que están ejecutando específicamente en favor del agua.

A medida que la población mundial va creciendo, las problemáticas alrededor de la disponibilidad, cantidad, distribución y calidad de los recursos naturales es mayor, con el fin verificar y analizar la situación actual del recurso (agua potable) a nivel global, nacional y regional, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y estadística, en algunas de las bases de datos que se encuentran en la plataforma de la universidad, documentos y artículos presentes en internet, una vez consultada la información se analizó que, es un servicio al cual tiene acceso de manera segura los países y regiones más desarrolladas, no solo por una mejora notoria en la infraestructura en comparación de las otras regiones, la diferencia también está dada por la gobernanza del recurso, un claro ejemplo de esto es Colombia, donde hay una brecha marcada de desigualdad en cuanto al acceso y calidad, entre las zonas rurales y urbanas, de igual manera se pudo observar un sorprendente descuido a la ciudad de Buenaventura por parte del gobierno central, dado que allí está ubicado el segundo puerto que mueve mayor cantidad de carga en el país, por lo cual fue necesario proponer ideas relacionadas con, el control a los entes administradores del recurso, infraestructura y educación a la población, dejándolas como precedente para investigaciones futuras que busquen la planeación, diseño y ejecución de proyectos que aporten a la solución de la problemática del agua potable en Colombia. | As the world population grows, the problems around the availability, quantity, distribution and quality of natural resources is greater, in order to verify and analyze the current situation of the resource (drinking water) at global, national and regional level , a bibliographic and statistical review was carried out, in some of the databases found on the university's platform, documents and articles present on the internet, once the information was consulted, it was analyzed that it is a service to which you have access to safely, the most developed countries and regions, not only because of a marked improvement in infrastructure compared to the other regions, the difference is also given by the governance of the resource, a clear example of this is Colombia, where there is a marked gap of In terms of access and quality inequality, between rural and urban areas, a surprising oversight of the city was observed of Buenaventura by the central government, since there is located the second port that moves the largest amount of cargo in the country, so it was necessary to propose ideas related to the control of the administrative entities of the resource, infrastructure and education to the population, leaving them as a precedent for future research that seeks the planning, design and execution of projects that contribute to the solution of the problema of drinking water in Colombia. | Especialización | À mesure que la population mondiale augmente, les problèmes de disponibilité, de quantité, de distribution et de qualité des ressources naturelles augmentent, afin de vérifier et d'analyser la situation actuelle de la ressource (eau potable) aux niveaux mondial, national et régional. , une revue bibliographique et statistique a été réalisée, dans certaines des bases de données trouvées sur la plateforme de l'université, des documents et articles présents sur internet, une fois les informations consultées, il a été analysé qu'il s'agit d'un service auquel vous avez accès en toute sécurité, les pays et régions les plus développés, non seulement en raison d'une amélioration notable des infrastructures par rapport aux autres régions, la différence est également donnée par la gouvernance de la ressource, un exemple clair de cela est la Colombie, où il y a un écart marqué dans En termes d'accès et d'inégalité de qualité, entre zones rurales et urbaines, une surprenante surveillance de la ville a été observée de Buenaventura par le gouvernement central, puisqu'il y a le deuxième port qui transporte la plus grande quantité de cargaison du pays, il a donc fallu proposer des idées liées au contrôle des entités administratives de la ressource, des infrastructures et de l'éducation au population, en les laissant comme un précédent pour de futures recherches qui cherchent la planification, la conception et l'exécution de projets qui contribuent à la solution du problème de l'eau potable en Colombie.

Explica el concepto de huella de agua de acuerdo a la ISO (Organización Internacional de Normalización), así el desarrollo de capacidades en el tema en el sector industrial de México.

Deficit irrigation is an optimum technique for producing products under drought stress conditions. The superabsorbent hydrogel is a hydrophilic polymer with cross-linked 3-D hydrophilic nets that can absorb and retain effective amounts of water and aquatic liquids. The objective of this study was to assess the superabsorbent polymer effect on water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of Vigna unguiculata L. under drought stress conditions. The experimental treatments included: Treatment I1S0, including 100% ETc demand as irrigation amount and with 0.0 g SAP (I1:100%; S0: without SAP); treatment I2S1, including 75% ETc demand as irrigation amount and with 7.0 g Super-AB-A300 polymer for plant (I2: 75%; S1: 7 g SAP); treatment I3S2, including 55% ETc demand as irrigation amount and with 14.0 g Super-AB-A300 polymer for plant (I3: 55%; S2: 14 g SAP). A drip irrigation system performed irrigation. According to the results, the soil treated with superabsorbent polymer, in mild deficit irrigation treatment (I2S1), made it possible to obtain the same grain yield as the complete irrigation treatment (I1S0) and there was no significant difference between them. Besides, IWUE was conversely depended on the entire water requirement all along the growing cycle, and for higher IWUE, the water would be decreased under the irrigation demand for the maximum grain yield. Thus, the mix of mild deficit irrigation and superabsorbent polymer (I2S1), that leads to increase the plant water productivity (AWP), was an acceptable policy to optimize cowpea grain yield and water utilization.

El presente TFM pretende diseñar una instalación para caracterización de bombas de calor agua/agua en aplicaciones de generación de ACS. Para ello se debe analizar la normativa de ensayos y proponer el esquema de una instalación que permita realizar los ensayos | Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial | Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena