玉米大斑病是由真菌引起的世界性玉米病害，常给生产造成严重损失。2012年玉米大斑病在东北、华北地区大流行，本文归纳了玉米大斑病全国发生概况、区域分布和各地病情。总结了2012年玉米大斑病发病时间早，流行速度快，品种间和地区间发病程度差异大等发生特点，分析了适宜天气条件、主栽品种不抗病、栽培管理措施不合理是导致大斑病重发的主要原因。并针对性地提出了重视玉米病害的预测预报、推荐种植抗病品种、加强病害综合防治的对策建议，旨在对今后进一步做好玉米大斑病测报工作，指导玉米病害防治、有效控制其危害、保障玉米生产有所裨益。 | Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by fungi is a worldwide serious disease on corn, which can cause heavy losses to corn production. The NCLB was epidemic in the Northeast of China and North China in 2012. This paper summarized the nationwide general situation, distribution and local progress of NCLB. The disease prevalence is characterized by early and quick spread, and significant variation among different cultivars and regions. The serious occurrence of NCLB is mainly caused by suitable weather conditions, susceptible major corn cultivars and unreasonable cultivation measures. To control the NCLB and guarantee corn production safety, several countermeasures are recommended, such as attaching importance to the disease forecast, recommending resistant cultivars, and reinforcing integrated pest management.

稻瘟菌是一种在世界范围内严重危害水稻生产的真菌病原。在稻瘟菌与水稻互作过程中，稻瘟菌效应蛋白起着至关重要的作用。针对效应蛋白功能及其作用机理的研究有助于阐明稻瘟菌与水稻互作分子机制，并为未来水稻抗病改良提供新的理论策略。本文综述了稻瘟菌效应蛋白研究的进展，并重点针对基因克隆、蛋白转运以及功能机制等方面介绍了稻瘟菌Avr蛋白研究的最新发现，同时对未来值得重点关注的研究方向进行了探讨。 | Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal fungal agent of rice blast disease which is a serious threat to rice production worldwide. Effector proteins secreted by M. oryzae play an important role in the interaction between blast fungus and rice. Researches on effector proteins have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the M. oryzae-rice interaction, and will provide perspectives for future control of the blast disease. In this article, we review the literature on the research progress of rice blast effector proteins, especially consider the new findings on cloning, translocation and functional mechanism of Avr proteins. We further discuss several important future directions in researches on blast effectors.