2005年，全球有14亿人生活在绝对贫困中，将近10亿人长期受到营养缺乏或不良的困扰。据估计，全世界贫困人口大约有75%生活在农村地区，而这些人当中至少有6亿人以畜牧业作为其食物和经济收入的来源，并以此作为管理风险、积累财产的途径。鉴于畜牧业对于维持生计的重要性，尤其是在农村地区，发展小规模畜牧企业可以成为消除极端贫困和饥饿的关键举措。鲜奶生产是畜牧部门的一项重要活动，据估计全世界大约有1.5亿个家庭从事鲜奶生产。小规模鲜奶生产不仅可以改善奶农家庭的粮食安全，还可以为整个奶业链提供大量的就业机会，包括很多农村的小型鲜奶加工商和中间商。此外，全球消费者对鲜奶和奶制品的需求持续增加，特别是在发展中国家，鲜奶产量需要保持近2%年增长率才能够满足不断增长的需求。本书旨在对奶业发展的趋势及其推动力进行一次全景式的分析，并在此过程中探寻对奶业养殖，特别是农村小规模奶业养殖未来发展的启示。在受到分析的各个国家中，小规模鲜奶生产者的生产成本非常具有竞争力，如果将他们合理地组织起来，可以与发达国家和发展中国家的大规模、资本集中、“高科技”养殖企业相竞争，从而使得奶业发展成为消除贫困的有效途径。然而，小规模鲜奶生产者能通过奶业市场获利不仅取决于其自身的竞争力，也取决于其所在的奶业链的效率。因此，促进小规模奶业生产者发展的战略不应当只关注奶业生产者本身，而应该致力于提高奶业链中每一个环节的竞争力。

利用新疆干旱地区4个甜高粱常用品种（杂交种早熟1号和醇甜2号,常规种丽欧和绿能3号）研究其在2个氮素水平下（N0：0 kg/hm2 N和N150：150 kg/hm2 N）全生育期不同碳水化合物含量和产量的变化规律,用以了解品种和氮肥对甜高粱碳水化合物产量的影响,并评估这4个品种在新疆干旱地区生产乙醇的潜力。研究结果表明,随着生育进程的推进,全株可溶性碳水化合物的含量和产量,纤维素、半纤维素的产量都呈现增加趋势,而全生育期半纤维素的含量较稳定。不同的甜高粱品种全株碳水化合物的含量和产量有显著差异,杂交种早熟1号和醇甜2号全株可溶性碳水化合物的产量显著（P〈0.05）高于常规种丽欧和绿能3号。品种间不同器官碳水化合物产量所占比重也不同,杂交种早熟1号和醇甜2号的可溶性碳水化合物主要分布在籽粒,而常规种丽欧和绿能3号的可溶性碳水化合物主要分布在茎。乙醇产量潜力分析表明,乙醇产量主要来源于可溶性碳水化合物;杂交种早熟1号和醇甜2号的总理论乙醇产量（分别为10 148和9 982 L/hm2）显著（P〈0.05）高于常规种丽欧和绿能3号的总理论乙醇产量（分别为9 017和8 728 L/hm2）。氮肥的施用并不能显著（P〈0.001）增加甜高粱全株可溶性碳水化合物的产量,但能显著（P〈0.001）增加全株纤维素、半纤维素理论乙醇产量。 | To evaluate changes in carbohydrates content and yield during the growth duration,an experiment with four different sweet sorghum cultivars （Two hybrid cultivars,Zaoshu-1（ZS1） and Chuntian-2（CT2）,and two inbred cultivars,Rio and Lvneng-3（LN3）） at two nitrogen fertilizer levels （N0：0 kg/ha N and N150：150 kg/ha N） were carried out in arid region of Xinjiang province.This study will explore the effects of cultivar and nitrogen on carbohydrates yield,and predicted the ethanol yield （PEY） for the four sweet sorghum cultivars in arid region.The results showed：Soluble carbohydrates content and yield,celluloses and hemicelluloses yield of the whole plant were increased,but the hemicelluloses content were stable during the growth duration for all the treatments.Cultivar significantly （P〈0.001） affected the carbohydrates content and yield.Hybrid cultivars （ZS1 and CT2） produced significantly （P〈0.05） higher soluble carbohydrates yield than that of inbred cultivars （Rio and LN3）.Carbohydrates yield of different organs for four cultivars were varied.Most soluble carbohydrates yield was stored in grain for the hybrid cultivars （ZS1 and CT2） whereas stem from inbred cultivars （Rio and LN3） was the main organ for accumulating the soluble carbohydrates.The result showed that predicted ethanol yield （PEY） was mainly from the soluble carbohydrates yield.The potential of sweet sorghum hybrid （ZS1 and CT2） as feedstock for ethanol were 10 148 and 9 982 L/hm2 respectively which were significantly higher than those from the inbred cultivars （Rio and LN3） for biofuel production with 9 017 and 8 728 L/hm2 respectively.The application of nitrogen fertilizer （150 kg/ha） could not significantly （P〈0.001） increase soluble carbohydrates yield,but could significantly （P〈0.001） increase the celluloses, hemicelluloses and total predicted ethanol yield.

本研究针对华北平原春玉米一熟制高产的限制因子（灌浆期高温胁迫）问题,在分析了国内外高温对玉米胁迫影响机理的相关研究基础上,对华北平原春玉米可能突破灌浆期高温胁迫、实现高产的技术途径进行了探讨。结果表明,高温对华北春玉米胁迫的主要表现是：缩短了籽粒线性增长持续期;减小了籽粒体积及同化物向籽粒的转移量,进而降低了灌浆速率;花粉败育和花期不遇导致结实率下降;地温超过35℃时,会降低根系生长速率,使侧根变细;降低了光合酶活性、叶绿素含量及PSⅡ功能,进而降低了光合能力;降低了叶片水分状态和植株氮素累积量;诱发了纹枯病和青枯病。要突破该区春玉米灌浆期的高温胁迫,需要从提高春玉米本身的机能和改善其生境调控着手,躲避高温（提前或推迟播期）和抗耐高温（选育耐热性品种;外施水杨酸（SA）、激动素（BA）、脱落酸（ABA）等化学调控;在灌浆期之前进行高温锻炼;有机肥、铜肥、锌肥、钾肥等营养调控;深松和垄作等耕作调控;优化灌溉制度等水分调控;调整株距和行距改善种植方式等方面）。在单项技术研究的基础上,系统设计、集成各项单项技术,形成综合技术体系,是该区春玉米高产的技术途径。 | This paper studied limiting factor （high temperature stress occurred during grain filling period） for high yield production of spring maize in North China Plain（NCP）.By analyzing the available high yield technologic solutions for spring maize under high temperature stress （HTS）,we expected that spring maize might break the barriers from HTS during grain filling period in NCP.The results showed that the main clinical manifestations of spring maize under HTS at filling stage included,shortened the linear growth stage of maize grain;reduced the grain size and the amount of assimilate transfer to grain,leading to a reduced grain filling rate;pollen abortion and mismatched pollination period which reduced seed setting rate;the temperature over 35℃ would reduce root growth rate and hindered the lateral root growth;reduced photosynthetic enzyme activity,chlorophyll content and PSII function,which resulting in photosynthesis reduction;lowered leaf water status and plant nitrogen accumulation;induced sheath blight and bacterial wilt.To break the barrier exerted by HTS on spring maize during grain filling stage,the following practices could be used：advancing or delaying sowing date to avoid high temperature,breeding high temperature tolerant maize varieties;applying chemicals such as exogenous salicylic acid （SA）,kinetin （BA） and abscisic acid （ABA） to improve the tolerance;pre-exercising with high temperature well before the grain filling stage;practicing agronomic and farming approaches to regulate the nutrition levels and soil and water and light properties.Based on this study,a design integrated technology of the individual techniques could be used to form an integrated technology system,thus to improve heat tolerance and increase spring maize yield under HTS in NCP.