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Assessment of biomass transfer from green manure to soil macrofauna in agroecosystem-soil macrofauna biomass Texto completo
2003
Ayuke, Fredrick O. | Rao, MR | Swift, M.J. | Opondo-Mbai, ML
Utility of Ground-Penetrating Radar as a Root Biomass Survey Tool in Forest Systems Texto completo
2003
Butnor, J. R. | Doolittle, J. A. | Johnsen, K. H. | Samuelson, L. | Stokes, J. (John) | Kress, L.
Traditional methods of measuring tree root biomass are labor intensive and destructive in nature. We studied the utility of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to measure tree root biomass in situ within a replicated, intensive culture forestry experiment planted with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The study site was located in Decatur County, Georgia, in an area of the Troup and Lucy (loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults and Arenic Kandiudults, respectively) soils. With the aid of a digital signal processing GPR, estimates of root biomass to a depth of 30 cm were correlated to harvested root samples using soil cores. Significant effects of fertilizer application on signal attenuation were observed and corrected. The correlation coefficient between actual root biomass in soil cores and GPR estimates with corrections for fertilizer application were highly significant (r = 0.86, n = 60, p < 0.0001). Where site conditions are favorable to radar investigation, GPR can be a powerful cost-effective tool to measure root biomass. Verification with some destructive harvesting is required since universal calibrations for root biomass are unlikely, even across similar soil types. Use of GPR can drastically reduce the number of soil cores needed to assess tree root biomass and biomass distribution. The quality and quantity of information resulting from a detailed GPR survey, combined with soil cores on a subset of plots, can be used to rapidly estimate root biomass and provide a valuable assessment of lateral root biomass distribution and quantity.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Adenylates as an estimate of microbial biomass C in different soil groups Texto completo
2003
Dyckmans, Jens | Chander, Krishan | Joergensen, Rainer Georg | Priess, Jorg | Raubuch, Markus | Sehy, Ulrike
Adenylate (i.e. adenosine tri- (ATP), di- (ADP) and monophosphates (AMP)) and microbial biomass C data were collected over a wide range of sites including forest floor layers and forest, grassland and arable soils. Microbial biomass C was measured by fumigation extraction and adenylates after alkaline Na(3)PO(4)/DMSO/EDTA extraction and HPLC detection. Our aims were (1) to test whether the sum of adenylates is a better estimate for microbial biomass than the determination of ATP, (2) to compare our conversion values with those proposed by others, and (3) to analyse whether soil properties or land use form affect the relationships between ATP, adenylates and microbial biomass C. A close relationship was found between microbial biomass C and ATP (r=0.96), but also with the sum of adenylates (r=0.96) within all appropriately conditioned soil samples (n=112). In the mineral soil (n=98), the geometric means of the ATP-to-microbial biomass C ratio and the adenylates-to-microbial biomass C ratio were 7.4 and 11.4 μmol g(−1), respectively. The mean ratios did not differ significantly between the different texture classes and land use forms. In the forest floor, the ATP-to-microbial biomass C ratio and the adenylates-to-microbial biomass C ratio were both roughly two-thirds of those of the mineral soil. The average adenylate energy charge (AEC) of all soil samples was 0.79 and showed a strong negative relationship with the soil pH (r=−0.69). However, the AEC is presumably only indirectly affected by the soil pH.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Soil respiration and microbial biomass in a pecan - cotton alley cropping system in Southern USA Texto completo
2003
Lee, K.H. | Jose, S.
Little information is available on soil respiration and microbial biomass in soils under agroforestry systems. We measured soil respiration rate and microbial biomass under two age classes (young and old) of a pecan (Carya illinoinensis) - cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) alley cropping system, two age classes of pecan orchards, and a cotton monoculture on a well-drained, Redbay sandy loam (a fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Rhodic Paleudult) in southern USA. Soil respiration was quantified monthly during the growing season from May to November 2001 using the soda-lime technique and was corrected based on infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) measurements. The overall soil respiration rates ranged from 177 to 776 mg CO2 m-2 h-1. During the growing season, soil respiration was higher in the old alley cropping system than in the young alley cropping system, the old pecan orchard, the young pecan orchard, and the monoculture. Microbial biomass C was higher in the old alley cropping system (375 mg C kg-1) and in the old pecan orchard (376 mg C kg-1) compared to the young alley cropping system (118 mg C kg-1), young pecan orchard (88 mg C kg-1), and the cotton monoculture (163 mg C kg-1). Soil respiration was correlated positively with soil temperature, microbial biomass, organic matter, and fine root biomass. The effect of alley cropping on soil properties during the brief history of alley cropping was not significant except in the old systems, where there was a trend of increasing soil respiration with short-term alley cropping. Over time, different land use and management practices influenced soil properties such as soil temperature, moisture, microbial biomass, organic matter, and fine root biomass, which in turn affected the magnitude of soil respiration. Our results suggest that trees in agroforestry systems have the potential to enhance soil fertility and sustainability of farmlands by improving soil microbial activity and accreting residual soil carbon.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Effects of soil temperature on biomass production and allocation in seedlings of four boreal tree species Texto completo
2003
Peng, Yuan Ying | Dang, Qing-Lai
One-year old seedlings of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were subject to seven soil temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) for 4 months. All aspen seedlings, about 40% of jack pine, 20% of white spruce and black spruce survived the 35 °C treatment. The seedlings were harvested at the end of the fourth month to determine biomass and biomass allocation. It was found that soil temperature, species and interactions between soil temperature and species significantly affected root biomass, foliage biomass, stem biomass and total mass of the seedling. The relationship between biomass and soil temperature was modeled using third-order polynomials. The model showed that the optimum soil temperature for total biomass was 22.4, 19.4, 16.0 and 13.7 °C, respectively, for jack pine, aspen, black spruce and white spruce. The optimum soil temperature was higher for leaf than for root in jack pine, aspen and black spruce, but the trend was the opposite for white spruce. Among the species, aspen was the most sensitive to soil temperature: the maximum total biomass for aspen was about 7 times of the minimum value while the corresponding values were only 2.2, 2.4 and 2.3 times, respectively, for black spruce, jack pine and white spruce. Soil temperature did not significantly affect the shoot/root (S/R) ratio, root mass ratio (RMR), leaf mass ratio (LMR), or stem mass ratio (SMR) (P>0.05) with the exception of black spruce which had much higher S/R ratios at low (5 °C) and high (30 °C) soil temperatures. There were significant differences between species in all the above ratios (P<0.05). Aspen and white spruce had the smallest S/R ratio but highest RMR while black spruce had the highest S/R but lowest RMR. Jack pine had the highest LMR but lowest SMR while aspen had the smallest LMR but highest SMR. Both LMR and SMR were significantly higher for black spruce than for white spruce.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Soil respiration, fine root production, and microbial biomass in cottonwood and loblolly pine plantations along a nitrogen fertilization gradient Texto completo
2003
Lee, Kye-Han | Jose, Shibu
It is well known that carbon storage capacity of forests will change in response to management practices such as fertilization. However, the influence of fertilization on belowground processes such as soil respiration, fine root production, and microbial biomass is still unclear. We measured soil respiration, fine root biomass production, and microbial biomass along a fertilization gradient (0, 56, 112, and 224 kg N ha−1 per year) in 7-year-old cottonwood and loblolly pine plantations, established on a well-drained, Redbay sandy loam (a fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Rhodic Paleudlt), in northwest Florida. Soil respiration was measured monthly from June 2001 to May 2002 using the soda-lime technique. Fine root biomass production was quantified using the ingrowth core method during the same period. In addition, microbial biomass, soil temperature, moisture, soil pH, and organic matter were also measured along the same gradient for both species. Annual soil respiration rate was significantly greater (781 g C m−2 per year) in cottonwood than that 692 g C m−2 per year) in loblolly pine. Nitrogen fertilization had a significant negative effect on soil respiration in cottonwood, but no effect was observed in loblolly pine stands. Mean daily soil respiration rates exhibited significant exponential relationships with soil temperature both in cottonwood (R2=0.81) and loblolly pine (R2=0.51). Annual soil respiration rates in cottonwood stands were positively correlated with fine root production (r=0.64) and soil microbial biomass C (r=0.87) and negatively correlated with soil pH (r=−0.81). Annual soil respiration in loblolly pine stands was correlated positively with fine root production (r=0.54) and with organic matter content (r=0.74). Annual fine root production was significantly greater in cottonwood (221 g m−2 per year) than that in loblolly pine (144 g m−2 per year). Fertilization did not affect fine root production in both species. Microbial biomass, however, was significantly reduced by nitrogen fertilization in both species. We also observed an optimum range of soil pH (6.0±0.4), where highest microbial activity could be expected. Multiple regression analysis indicated that microbial biomass, soil organic matter, and soil pH were the major factors affecting soil respiration in cottonwood, while fine root production and soil organic matter were the major factors affecting soil respiration in loblolly pine. These results suggest that belowground responses to fertilization can vary widely between conifers and hardwoods.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Surface and subsurface decomposition of a desiccated grass pasture biomass related to erosion and its prediction with RUSLE Texto completo
2003
N. P. Cogo | E. V. Streck
Surface and subsurface decomposition of a desiccated grass pasture biomass related to erosion and its prediction with RUSLE Texto completo
2003
N. P. Cogo | E. V. Streck
Erosion is deleterious because it reduces the soil's productivity capacity for growing crops and causes sedimentation and water pollution problems. Surface and buried crop residue, as well as live and dead plant roots, play an important role in erosion control. An efficient way to assess the effectiveness of such materials in erosion reduction is by means of decomposition constants as used within the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation - RUSLE's prior-land-use subfactor - PLU. This was investigated using simulated rainfall on a 0.12 m m-1 slope, sandy loam Paleudult soil, at the Agriculture Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study area had been covered by native grass pasture for about fifteen years. By the middle of March 1996, the sod was mechanically mowed and the crop residue removed from the field. Late in April 1996, the sod was chemically desiccated with herbicide and, about one month later, the following treatments were established and evaluated for sod biomass decomposition and soil erosion, from June 1996 to May 1998, on duplicated 3.5 x 11.0 m erosion plots: (a) and (b) soil without tillage, with surface residue and dead roots; (c) soil without tillage, with dead roots only; (d) soil tilled conventionally every two-and-half months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue; and (e) soil tilled conventionally every six months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue. Simulated rainfall was applied with a rotating-boom rainfall simulator, at an intensity of 63.5 mm h-1 for 90 min, eight to nine times during the experimental period (about every two-and-half months). Surface and subsurface sod biomass amounts were measured before each rainfall test along with the erosion measurements of runoff rate, sediment concentration in runoff, soil loss rate, and total soil loss. Non-linear regression analysis was performed using an exponential and a power model. Surface sod biomass decomposition was better depicted by the exponential model, while subsurface sod biomass was by the power model. Subsurface sod biomass decomposed faster and more than surface sod biomass, with dead roots in untilled soil without residue on the surface decomposing more than dead roots in untilled soil with surface residue. Tillage type and frequency did not appreciably influence subsurface sod biomass decomposition. Soil loss rates increased greatly with both surface sod biomass decomposition and decomposition of subsurface sod biomass in the conventionally tilled soil, but they were minimally affected by subsurface sod biomass decomposition in the untilled soil. Runoff rates were little affected by the studied treatments. Dead roots plus incorporated residues were effective in reducing erosion in the conventionally tilled soil, while consolidation of the soil surface was important in no-till. The residual effect of the turned soil on erosion diminished gradually with time and ceased after two years.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Surface and subsurface decomposition of a desiccated grass pasture biomass related to erosion and its prediction with RUSLE Texto completo
2003
Cogo, N. P.(UFRGS Soil Department) | Streck, E. V.(EMATER)
Erosion is deleterious because it reduces the soil's productivity capacity for growing crops and causes sedimentation and water pollution problems. Surface and buried crop residue, as well as live and dead plant roots, play an important role in erosion control. An efficient way to assess the effectiveness of such materials in erosion reduction is by means of decomposition constants as used within the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation - RUSLE's prior-land-use subfactor - PLU. This was investigated using simulated rainfall on a 0.12 m m-1 slope, sandy loam Paleudult soil, at the Agriculture Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study area had been covered by native grass pasture for about fifteen years. By the middle of March 1996, the sod was mechanically mowed and the crop residue removed from the field. Late in April 1996, the sod was chemically desiccated with herbicide and, about one month later, the following treatments were established and evaluated for sod biomass decomposition and soil erosion, from June 1996 to May 1998, on duplicated 3.5 x 11.0 m erosion plots: (a) and (b) soil without tillage, with surface residue and dead roots; (c) soil without tillage, with dead roots only; (d) soil tilled conventionally every two-and-half months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue; and (e) soil tilled conventionally every six months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue. Simulated rainfall was applied with a rotating-boom rainfall simulator, at an intensity of 63.5 mm h-1 for 90 min, eight to nine times during the experimental period (about every two-and-half months). Surface and subsurface sod biomass amounts were measured before each rainfall test along with the erosion measurements of runoff rate, sediment concentration in runoff, soil loss rate, and total soil loss. Non-linear regression analysis was performed using an exponential and a power model. Surface sod biomass decomposition was better depicted by the exponential model, while subsurface sod biomass was by the power model. Subsurface sod biomass decomposed faster and more than surface sod biomass, with dead roots in untilled soil without residue on the surface decomposing more than dead roots in untilled soil with surface residue. Tillage type and frequency did not appreciably influence subsurface sod biomass decomposition. Soil loss rates increased greatly with both surface sod biomass decomposition and decomposition of subsurface sod biomass in the conventionally tilled soil, but they were minimally affected by subsurface sod biomass decomposition in the untilled soil. Runoff rates were little affected by the studied treatments. Dead roots plus incorporated residues were effective in reducing erosion in the conventionally tilled soil, while consolidation of the soil surface was important in no-till. The residual effect of the turned soil on erosion diminished gradually with time and ceased after two years. | A erosão reduz a capacidade produtiva do solo para as culturas e causa problemas de sedimentação e poluição da água. Os resíduos culturais superficiais e incorporados ao solo, assim como as raízes vivas e mortas das plantas, são importantes no controle da erosão do solo. Uma forma eficiente de avaliar a eficácia de redução da erosão de tais materiais é por meio de constantes de decomposição como as usadas no subfator uso anterior da terra ("PLU") da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo Revisada ("RUSLE"). Para investigar este assunto, foi utilizada chuva simulada sobre um solo Argissolo Vermelho distrófico típico, textura franco-arenosa, com 0,12 m m-1 de declividade, na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, em Eldorado do Sul (RS). A área experimental encontrava-se na condição de campo nativo com pastagem de gramíneas aproximadamente há quinze anos. Em meados de março de 1996, a pastagem foi roçada mecanicamente e seu resíduo cultural removido da área. Ao final de abril de 1996, a pastagem foi quimicamente dessecada por meio da aplicação de herbicida e, cerca de um mês após, foram estabelecidos e avaliados para decomposição de biomassa vegetal e erosão hídrica do solo, de junho de 1996 a maio de 1998, sobre pares de parcelas de erosão com dimensões de 3,5 x 11,0 m, os seguintes tratamentos: (a) e (b) solo sem preparo, com resíduo superficial e raízes mortas, (c) solo sem preparo, com raízes mortas somente, (d) solo com preparo convencional a cada dois meses e meio, com raízes mortas e resíduo superficial incorporado e (e) solo com preparo convencional a cada seis meses, com raízes mortas e resíduo superficial incorporado. As chuvas foram aplicadas com um simulador de chuva de braços rotativos, na intensidade de 63,5 mm h-1 e duração de 90 min, oito a nove vezes durante o período experimental (aproximadamente a cada dois meses e meio). As quantidades de biomassa superficial e subsuperficial da pastagem nativa dessecada foram avaliadas antes de cada teste de chuva simulada, acompanhadas das medições de erosão relativas à taxa de enxurrada, concentração de sedimentos na enxurrada, taxa de perda de solo e perda total de solo. Análise de regressão não-linear com os dados observados foi efetuada por meio de um modelo exponencial e um modelo potencial. A decomposição da biomassa superficial da pastagem dessecada foi mais bem descrita pelo modelo exponencial, enquanto a da subsuperficial pelo modelo potencial. A biomassa subsuperficial decompô-se mais rapidamente e em maior quantidade do que a biomassa superficial, com as raízes mortas em solo não preparado e descoberto decompondose mais do que as raízes mortas em solo não preparado e coberto. O tipo e a freqüência de preparo do solo praticamente não influíram na decomposição da biomassa subsuperficial. As taxas de perda de solo aumentaram expressivamente tanto com a decomposição da biomassa vegetal superficial, quanto com a decomposição da biomassa subsuperficial, no solo preparado convencionalmente; todavia, elas foram pouco influenciadas pela decomposição da biomassa subsuperficial no solo não preparado. As taxas de enxurrada mostraram-se pouco influenciadas pelos tratamentos estudados. As raízes mortas mais o resíduo cultural incorporado foram importantes na redução da erosão no solo preparado convencionalmente, enquanto a consolidação da superfície do solo foi importante no solo não preparado. O efeito residual da pastagem nativa dessecada e incorporada ao solo sobre a erosão diminuiu gradualmente no tempo e cessou após dois anos.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Comparison of soil fungal/bacterial ratios in a pH gradient using physiological and PLFA-based techniques Texto completo
2003
Baath, E. | Anderson, T.H.
We have compared the total microbial biomass and the fungal/bacterial ratio estimated using substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in combination with the selective inhibition technique and using the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) technique in a pH gradient (3.0-7.2) consisting of 53 mature broad-leaved forest soils. A fungal/bacterial biomass index using the PLFA technique was calculated using the PLFA 18:2ω6,9 as an indicator of fungal biomass and the sum of 13 bacterial specific PLFAs as indicator of the bacterial biomass. Good linear correlation (p<0.001) was found between the total microbial biomass estimated with SIR and total PLFAs (totPLFA), indicating that 1 mg biomass-C was equivalent to 130 nmol totPLFA. Both biomass estimates were positively correlated to soil pH. The fungal/bacterial ratio measured using the selective inhibition technique decreased significantly with increasing pH from about 9 at pH 3 to approximately 2 at pH 7, while the fungal/bacterial biomass index using PLFA measurements tended to increase slightly with increasing soil pH. Good correlation between the soil content of ergosterol and of the PLFA 18:2ω6,9 indicated that the lack of congruency between the two methods in estimating fungal/bacterial ratios was not due to PLFA 18:2ω6,9-related non-fungal structures to any significant degree. Several PLFAs were strongly correlated to soil pH (R(2) values >0.8); for example the PLFAs 16:1ω5 and 16:1ω7c increased with increasing soil pH, while i16:0 and cy19:0 decreased. A principal component analysis of the total PLFA pattern gave a first component that was strongly correlated to soil pH (R(2)=0.85, p<0.001) indicating that the microbial community composition in these beech/beech-oak forest soils was to a large extent determined by soil pH.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Immobilized-S, microbial biomass-S and soil arylsulfatase activity in the rhizosphere soil of rape and barley as affected by labile substrate C and N additions Texto completo
2003
Vong, Phuy-Chhoy | Dedourge, Odile | Lasserre-Joulin, Francoise | Guckert, Armand
Bulk and rhizosphere soil of rape and barley grown in a calcareous soil were pre-incubated for 7 days at 20 °C with Na(2)(35)SO(4) to partially label soil organic S. The soils were then incubated for 7 days more with increasing levels of two C sources as organic acids (succinic and malic acids) and as glucose (from 0 to 640 mg C kg(−1) soil) with or without increasing levels of N (from 0 to 15 mg N kg(−1) soil) in the form of ammonium nitrate, in order to mimic rhizodeposition inputs into soil. A second incubation experiment with a single highest dose of the used substrates was undertaken and two destructive soil samplings on days 17 and 35 were carried out. Both incubation experiments showed the intensities of S immobilization in the order: barley rhizosphere>rape rhizosphere>bulk soil. Glucose addition generated positive S priming effects in all studied soils after one week of incubation. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between immobilized-S and microbial biomass-S (r=0.95,p<0.001), arylsulfatase activity (ARS) and microbial biomass-S (r=0.65,p<0.05) on day 17 but not on day 35, whereas significant correlation coefficients were found between arylsulfatase activity and immobilized-S at both days 17 (r=0.79,p<0.01) and 35 (r=0.75,p<0.01). A marked decline of biomass-S noted in substrate-amended treatments at day 35 suggests a quick turnover of this compartment followed by its incorporation into the organic S. Finally, with organic acids high values of ARS per unit of biomass-S were recorded over the two studied dates in the rhizosphere soil of rape. It is concluded that the rhizosphere microbial biomass under rape exhibited more efficient arylsulfatase activity and hence greater turnover of organic S than that under the barley rhizosphere soil.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Plant species diversity, plant biomass and responses of the soil community on abandoned land across Europe: idiosyncracy or above-belowground time lags Texto completo
2003
Hedlund, K. | Regina, I. S. | Van der Putten, W. H. | Leps, J. | Diaz, T. | Korthals, G. W. | Lavorel, S. | Brown, V. K. | Gormsen, D. | Mortimer, S. R. | Barrueco, C. R. | Roy, J. | Smilauer, P. | Smilauerova, M. | Van Dijk, C.
The relationship between plant species diversity, productivity and the development of the soil community during early secondary succession on former arable land across Europe is investigated. The enhancement of biomass production due to the increase in initial plant species diversity and the consequent stimulation of soil microbial biomass and abundance of soil invertebrates are examined.
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