The main aim of this PhD was to study long homozygote segments present in the genome in Norwegian Red, and find genomic options to measure inbreeding more accurately than from a pedigree database. Prior to the study, runs of homozygosity (ROH) was indicated to be a measure utilizing chromosomal regions identical by descent, thus a good genomic substitute to pedigree. Two dataset were exploited: (1) 384 bulls genotyped with the Illumina HD-panel containing 777K SNP-markers, and (2) 3,289 bulls genotyped with a 54K Illumina BeadChip and/or 25K Affymetrix, with imputations both ways if needed. The pedigree of these two datasets extended as far back as 1875. | Hovedformålet med denne doktorgraden var å studere lange homozygote segmenter i genomet hos NRF, og å finne genomiske metoder som kan måle innavl mer nøyaktig enn ved bruk av slektskapsdatabase. I utgangspunktet var «runs of homozygosity» (ROH) valgt som en egnet og interessant metode for denne studien, fordi den var antatt å oppnå nøyaktige anslag. ROH ble angitt for å være et mål som på lik linje med slektskapsdatabaser utnyttet homosygositet nedarvet fra samme opphav, og dermed en god genomisk erstatning for slektskapsdatabasen. To datasett ble gransket: (1) 384 okser genotypet med Illumina HD-panelet som inneholder 777K SNP-markører, og (2) 3,289 okser genotypet med en 54K Illumina BeadChip og/eller en 25K Affymetrix, med imputering begge veier ved behov. Slektskapsdatabasen til disse to datasettene strakk seg så langt tilbake som til 1875.

In this article, a real liver tissue and soft tissue on the front of (such as fat and skin) decomposed to constituent elements And then irradiation with neutrons in radiotherapy action takes place. . This could be all about the treatment of liver cancer. The absorbed dose in the liver as a result of collisions between neutron core elements that make up the liver tissue was determined then obtained interesting results in this regard. In this cross - sectional study of liver tissue, the means of neutron irradiation to put And the absorbed dose or energy absorbed in each of the ingredients of liver tissue is obtained. The results of descriptive statistics using excel v2010 and spss v16 software were analyzed. The findings suggest there if the compounds in the liver, and skin following their elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and sodium, Absorbed dose levels of the constituent elements of the liver, and skin followed, each with mass numbers different. The maximum value of absorbed dose and the frequency of the element hydrogen. Determined by neutron radiation absorbed dose to the liver in practice.

Copper(II) acetate spectrophotometry method (CASM) was used for the rapid and convenient determination of cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soils. This method is composed of a single-step exchange reaction that adsorbs copper and is measured through spectrophotometry. The CEC of 16 Korean soils were measured using 1M ammonium acetate method (AAM) and the CASM. The CEC values determined by CASM and AAM were not significantly different, and were highly correlated (r = 0.966**). Due to the convenience, cost effectiveness, and time saving analysis of CASM, this method is recommended for most soil laboratories to measure CEC in Korean soils. However, CASM may not be applicable for soils that have a much higher CEC (greater than 20 cmolc kg-¹).

Escherichia coli excretes acetate upon growth on fermentable sugars, but the regulation of this production remains elusive. Acetate excretion on excess glucose is thought to be an irreversible process. However, dynamic (13)C-metabolic flux analysis revealed a strong bidirectional exchange of acetate between E. coli and its environment. The Pta-AckA pathway was found to be central for both flux directions, while alternative routes (Acs or PoxB) play virtually no role in glucose consumption. Kinetic modelling of the Pta-AckA pathway predicted that its flux is thermodynamically controlled by the extracellular acetate concentration in vivo. Experimental validations confirmed that acetate production can be reduced and even reversed depending solely on its extracellular concentration. Consistently, the Pta-AckA pathway can rapidly switch from acetate production to consumption. Contrary to current knowledge, E. coli is thus able to co-consume glucose and acetate under glucose excess. These metabolic capabilities were confirmed on other glycolytic substrates which support the growth of E. coli in the gut. These findings highlight the dual role of the Pta-AckA pathway in acetate production and consumption during growth on glycolytic substrates, uncover a novel regulatory mechanism that controls its flux in vivo, and significantly expand the metabolic capabilities of E. coli.

Up to half of the organic fraction of an urban wastewater is made up of particulate settleable solids (PSS). In activated sludge process (AS) this material is rapidly adsorbed on to microbial flocs but is only slowly and partially degraded. To better understand and predict the degradation kinetics observed, a determination of the proportion of hydrolytic bacteria is required. As inoculum is usually added in the biodegradation tests, a comparison is required between the roles of bacteria introduced with the inoculum and those attached to the substrate. In this work, respirometric batch experiments were performed on PSS collected from upstream or downstream of the sewers of Toulouse city. Toilet paper (TP) and cellulose, two model particulate substrates, were also investigated. To understand the role of the active biomass in hydrolysis, increasing concentrations of AS were added to a certain amount of PSS or TP. No correlation was observed between the concentration of AS and the rate and duration of degradation of the particulate matter. Simulations performed after calibration of the model ASM-1 allowed the fraction of hydrolytic bacteria to be estimated in both the substrate and the AS-inoculum. Only a very small fraction of the bacteria of AS and of the substrate samples were found to be efficient for hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was mainly initiated by a small proportion of the microorganisms, and especially by cells already attached to PSSs. Moreover, the fraction of bacteria able to hydrolyse large particles present in an inoculum of AS depended on the initial contamination of the surface of the particles.

This report aims to guide FAO – and other international actors – committed to providing developing countries with the support required for implementing their NDCs and ensuring future commitments are transparent, quantifiable, comparable, verifiable and ambitious. The agriculture sectors in Eastern Africa represent a pivotal opportunity for simultaneously leveraging the mitigation potential of the region, while enhancing adaptive capacity and food security outcomes through a transition to more su stainable agriculture and land use. However, change will only come about if supported by appropriate policies, institutional arrangements, capacity development and finance mechanisms. By highlighting the gaps in the coverage of mitigation and adaptation actions in the agriculture sector, as well as illustrating opportunities for enhancing climate ambitions in the next round of NDCs, this analysis can serve as an important roadmap for directing future investment and international support toward l ow-emission, climate-resilient and inclusive agriculture systems in the region.

The main aim of this PhD was to study long homozygote segments present in the genome in Norwegian Red, and find genomic options to measure inbreeding more accurately than from a pedigree database. Prior to the study, runs of homozygosity (ROH) was indicated to be a measure utilizing chromosomal regions identical by descent, thus a good genomic substitute to pedigree. Two dataset were exploited: (1) 384 bulls genotyped with the Illumina HD-panel containing 777K SNP-markers, and (2) 3,289 bulls genotyped with a 54K Illumina BeadChip and/or 25K Affymetrix, with imputations both ways if needed. The pedigree of these two datasets extended as far back as 1875. | Hovedformålet med denne doktorgraden var å studere lange homozygote segmenter i genomet hos NRF, og å finne genomiske metoder som kan måle innavl mer nøyaktig enn ved bruk av slektskapsdatabase. I utgangspunktet var «runs of homozygosity» (ROH) valgt som en egnet og interessant metode for denne studien, fordi den var antatt å oppnå nøyaktige anslag. ROH ble angitt for å være et mål som på lik linje med slektskapsdatabaser utnyttet homosygositet nedarvet fra samme opphav, og dermed en god genomisk erstatning for slektskapsdatabasen. To datasett ble gransket: (1) 384 okser genotypet med Illumina HD-panelet som inneholder 777K SNP-markører, og (2) 3,289 okser genotypet med en 54K Illumina BeadChip og/eller en 25K Affymetrix, med imputering begge veier ved behov. Slektskapsdatabasen til disse to datasettene strakk seg så langt tilbake som til 1875.

BACKGROUND: As an essential but also potentially toxic element, both overexposure and underexposure to selenium (Se) can significantly affect public health. Rice is a common source of Se, especially in Asia. Not all Se may be released from the rice and become available for absorption into the bloodstream upon digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the bioaccessibility of Se in cooked white (polished) rice was assessed in vitro using the static gastrointestinal simulator SHIME (Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem). RESULTS: The common cooking procedure in China prior to consumption [i.e. boiling at low rice:water ratios (1:3) until all of the water is absorbed into the rice] did not change total Se levels in the rice. Gastrointestinal digestion of the cooked rice matrix revealed a Se bioaccessibility of 67–76% of total Se. Subsequent microbial activity in the colon reduced the accessibility of Se in the cooked rice to 51–62%. CONCLUSION: Not all Se present in cooked white rice should be considered as being bioavailable in the small intestine. A minor part is transferred with the remaining food matrix to the colon, where it is available for the microbial metabolism. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry