The paper examined the current waste management practices within Malaysia from an environmental perspective, touching especially on the adverse environmental impacts. It discussed the usefulness of environmental impact assessment studies towards the evolution of effective management policies for such wastes. The socio-politico-economic dimensions of industrial wastes generatrion and disposal are dealt within the Malaysian context, looking at both the urban and rural scene. The framework of a effective industrial waste management policy for Malaysia was outlined. It will ensure minimal environmental disruptions. The paper indicated some of the fundamental changes in attitudes and approaches that are required from policy makers, industrialist, technologist, financiers and even ordinary citizens fo such an effective management policy to take root.

The study undertakes an examination of the adequacy of management of hazardous wastes in New Zealand. Current practice is examined under four headings - legislation, regulation, practice and administrative structure Recommendations are made for a substantial revision of hazardous waste practice under all of the management headings outlined above. Current practice in OECD countries with more substantial hazardous waste problems than New Zealand, are used as a basis for comparative analysis of several aspects of waste management in New Zealand. Topics developed by comparative analysis include the technical requirements for effective management and legislative/administrative practice. People are an important aspect in management. Community awareness/participation is introduced together with the associated land-use planning implications that are involved in siting hazardous waste facilities. Finally, a discussion is introduced of both who should manage hazardous wastes and how wastes of this kind should be managed in New Zealand. The major conclusion of the study is that New Zealand is inexperienced in managing hazardous wastes. As a result, current management is inadequate in many respects. Legislation provides almost no basis for effective management because hazardous waste is not specified as a waste stream requiring special control. At the regulatory level no standards exist for hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities nor for transport of hazardous waste. Current New Zealand practice of codisposal is regarded by several countries overseas as the least desirable of the alternative disposal options that exist. The New Zealand administrative structure for hazardous waste management lacks a single authority with central responsibility and distributes regulatory control throughout a large number of agencies without any co-ordination.

Published by NZAEI on behalf of New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute, Pork Industry Council Board, Dairy Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. | Agricultural waste management is a rapidly changing technology. It is subject to government regulation and sensitive to population growth patterns, community attitudes and land use changes. It is influenced by variables such as soil type, topography, climate, crop and livestock production practices. The trend towards larger and more concentrated livestock operations has accentuated the problems of waste management. This has necessitated better management methods, not only to hold down labour requirements and cost, but also to minimise detrimental effects on the environment. Agricultural waste management, and particularly that related to housed livestock, became a topic of considerable importance to farmers, their advisers and related authorities in New Zealand in the 1960s and 1970s. The passing of the Water and Soil Conservation Act 1967 gave statutory expression to public concern about pollution of natural water, among other concerns. In the late 1970s, a Dairy Wastes Advisory Committee was meeting under the auspices of the Dairy Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and a Piggery Wastes Committee was working with similar aims under the auspices of the then Pork Industry Council. Members of both committees were concerned at the lack of published, authoritative information in New Zealand related to planning, design and management for agricultural wastes. This manual has been written: "to provide authoritative information for competent designers of animal waste management systems"·

Run water and waste water management must take into consideration complicated problems of disposal, treatment and discharge of waste waters, the amount of which increases along with comfortization of village and animal breeding development. Phaecal and animal wastes should be returned to soil. Liquid wastes should be introduced if possible into soil by means of sprinkling. A principal way of water supply in agriculture is realized by means of communal or group water pipeline networks at waterxintake from sources of good water quality. Since the pollution of atmosphere depends on the energy carrier used the best in every aspect for agriculture is the electric energy

The water quality of rivers in the basin of the river Toyo were studied to clarify the characteristics of each river. The relation between Cl- concentration and conductivity suggests that Cl- increases its weight among ions in the river water, as the concentrations of ions increase. Chroline ion will be caused by not only domestic waste but also agricultural and cattle wastes. The discrepancy of T-N/T-P ratio between clean and polluted rivers will come from that of source substance and the reaction rates of wastes with the soil in the basin of the river. Ch1. a to T-P ratio, which means utilization rate of phosphorous by periphyton, showed dependence on water temperature. Other factors such as flow rate and amount of organic matter flowing into the river will also influence the ratio. Although, methylene blue active substance (MBAS) became not to reflect domestic waste quantitatively, the ratios of MBAS to T-P and Cl- still show relative abundance of domestic waste in the river water. In conclusion, these relations mentioned above will show the contribution of each waste flowing into the river. So, results obtained here will show the method for water quality management in each river basin. These results also suggests the amount of N and P which can be allowed to load in the basin.

The Los Alamos National Laboratory and the USDA-ARS examined soil erosion and water balance relationships for a trench cap used for the shallow land burial of low-level radioactive wastes at Los Alamos, NM. Eight 3.05 by 10.7 m plots were installed with bare soil, tilled, and vegetated surface treatments on a 15 by 63 m trench cap constructed from soil and crushed tuff layers. A rotating boom rain simulator was used to estimate the soil erodibility and cover-management factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) for this trench cap and for two undisturbed plots with natural vegetative cover. The implications of the results of this study are discussed relative to the management of infiltration and erosion processes at waste burial sites and compared with similar USDA research performed throughout the USA.

Extract: The current issues of landfill bans, groundwater contamination, waste-end taxes and source reduction of hazardous wastes have rekindled interest in a systems view of environmental management. The paper is organized into roughly two major sections. The first presents a brief overview of the current institutional and legislative framework. The second presents an empirical illustration of these concepts through a process analysis of an electroplating firm. Finally, the results of the empirical analysis are synthesized into their implications for contemporary environmental policy.

Abstract: Uses of energy in the work place and methods of saving energy on the job are outlined in this simply illustrated booklet. An important reason for saving energy is the cost savings associated with energy conservation which may lead to increased amounts of money available for promotions on fringe benefits. Uses of energy in the workplace include 1) heating, lighting, and cooling, 2) transportation, 3) production of goods, and 4) moving and storage. Actions that both management and staff employees can take to contribute to energy savings are outlined in the following areas; heating and cooling (i.e. thermostat settings, work area arrangement, equipment function and usage), plant and equipment operation and maintenance, lighting, shipping and deliveries, transportation, waste recycling and conservation of resources. Suggestions for long-range planning for effective energy conservation are presented. (aje).