Full text version of this study is available as an EEPSEA research report: Solid waste segregation and recycling in Metro Manila : household attitudes and behavior

Paper of 11 pages accompanied by presentation of 38 slides. | In most developing countries, the emphasis for health care has moved to community preventative services and away from district curative health services, e.g. immunization. Sterilization and reuse is being replaced with single use and disposal to minimize the risk of cross infection. This has lead to larger amounts of infectious waste in underdeveloped areas. The responsible authorities and agencies do not have waste management infrastructure to safely handle and dispose of the waste. Although not recognised as a significant problem before, health care professionals now require allocation of funds that were previously not identified. In Africa where much of the health care currently receives donor funds, these professionals are also obliged to comply with national regulations and international protocols for waste disposal, mostly only known to specialist waste management practitioners. In order to address these problems a Check List has been developed for planning at District, Regional, and National Managerial levels, using a Streamlined Life Cycle Analysis (SLCA) according to ISO 14040. SLCA can evaluate parameters of the waste life cycle qualitatively and thereby reduce the time and cost of conducting a comprehensive, quantitative life cycle analysis. The SLCA was compiled from data obtained through a case study of an African country and was used to evaluate different management options for health care waste in such a country. The checklist is aimed at providing decision makers and waste management practitioners with a tool to prepare budgets and waste management plans. The planning tool will be discussed using a process assessment and a comparison between waste management options.

Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001. | Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife (KZN Wildlife) needed to develop a solid waste management policy and strategy for their protected areas, as well as specific solid waste management plans for existing and new developments within these areas. These had to be in keeping with the principles of sustainable development, protected area conservation objectives, best practice and legislative requirements. A pilot study was thus undertaken at two large KwaZulu-Natal protected area visitor facilities, Hilltop Rest Camp in Hluhluwe Game Reserve and Sodwana Bay Rest Camp, to investigate the types and amounts of solid waste generated . In addition, the solid waste disposal methods employed in 1984 and 2000, the disposal options available and the constraints and impacts of solid waste disposal throughout the protected area system were investigated. A comparison was made with solid waste production and management at Skukuza Rest Camp in the Kruger National Park as well as with various international waste sources. The information was presented in the form of histograms for comparison and tree cluster analysis was used as a heuristic tool to discuss the results. Hilltop and Sodwana Bay Rest Camps produced similar waste although its composition varied according to the specific source of production within the visitor facility . The waste produced at KZN Wildlife protected area visitor facilities had a similar composition to that produced at Skukuza Rest Camp. Audits of waste management practices at Hilltop, Sodwana Bay and Skukuza indicated that KZN Wildlife was not adequately managing the solid waste at their two protected area visitorfacilities. However, solid waste was being responsibly disposed of at Skukuza Rest Camp. The type of waste produced at protected area visitor facilities in a number of other African countries and Australia, was similar in composition to that produced in South African protected areas; all were similar to that produced in developed, westernised countries. A survey in 1984 of waste disposal methods in 32 KZN Wildlife protected areas, indicated that disposal to municipal landfill was only practised by protected areas less than 5 000 ha in size and less than 30 km from a municipallandfill. The current (2000) survey showed that disposal directly to landfill without reduction within protected areas had been discontinued, and that there was an increased proportion of waste disposal to municipal landfill. Such disposal was primarily limited to areas of less than 10000 ha and less than 40 km from such a landfill. The main constraints on the choice of waste disposal method were the cost of transport and limited budgets. A draft solid waste management policy and strategy were developed. The policy set out the legal requirements , ecological objectives and constraints of solid waste disposal in protected areas and also the preferred disposal options. The strategy set out the waste disposal methods available and their associated risks, likely impacts, opportunities and implications for management. The use of a simple matrix, that combined transport costs (represented by distance to a municipal landfill site); the size of the protected area (assumed to reflect the amount of solid waste generated); and the environmental risk of leachate production (as indicated by the climatic water balance), with suitable waste disposal options, was recommended. This matrix was designed to assist in the objective implementation of the draft waste management policy and in selection of an appropriate waste disposal method for each protected area. The draft policy and strategy were applied to produce a solid waste management plan for a new development in Umfolozi Game Reserve. | Supervisor not mentioned.

This study is the part of Proyek Unggulan Sawit that starting in 2001 and will be finished in 2003. Final goals of the study are the recommendation of palm oil waste treatment and the engineering design of the treatment. Result of the first year activities consisted of the identification and characterize of palm oil solid wastes, collection of study and recycling process of the wastes, existing condition of the solid waste management, comparation analysis of the existing solid waste treatments (incinerator and discarging into plantation) with composting technology focusing on technique, economic and environmental aspects

Livestock waste management issues are of growing environmental concern in the United States and elsewhere. Lowering the quantity of nutrients excreted by pigs can ease associated environmental problems and at the same time can reduce waste management costs. Reduction in nutrient excretion can be achieved by feeding pigs with low crude protein diets. The paper develops a procedure for calculation of swine waste management costs as function of four dietary regimes. Feeding low crude protein diets significantly reduced amount of nitrogen excreted by pigs. As a result, reduction in waste management costs may be achieved, especially when the pig farm does not have enough land to apply all the manure it generates.

The enactment of Republic Act 6969 known as Toxic and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 ensures industrial economic growth in an environmentally sound manner by effectively managing toxic and hazardous and nuclear wastes. However, due to lack of resources, the full implementation of RA 6969 is insufficient in the following areas: promotion of proper waste management systems and enforcement of laws and regulations. The government has to do extra effort in encouraging the private sector to invest on environment projects to provide itself with treatment and disposal facilities. The current toxic and hazardous waste management in the Philippines failed to strengthen waste minimization programs. Waste prevention, reduction, recycling are yet to be systematically promoted on industrial levels. The Environmental Service Providers (ESP) has to be organized to be more efficient and effective. New technologies with resource recovery capabilities should be promoted to ESP. The government through DOST [Department of Science and Technology] has to fast track its waste minimization and clean production program for industrial adoption