Global climate change (GCC) is defined as a process that is considered the most crucial problem of the current century and will affect all living things and ecosystems in the world. In order to specify the potential impacts of this phenomenon, which does not seem possible to stop, it is necessary first to predict the change in climate types. Therefore, the current study aimed to define the shift of climate classifications (according to De Martonne, Erinç, and Emberger climate category) in 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100 for Bursa, one of the largest cities in Türkiye, according to the SSPs 245 and SSPs585 scenarios, and compare it with its current situation. As a result, it was determined that the climate types in Bursa province would change significantly and primarily manifest as a shift into arid climate types. It is recommended to take precautions on a sectoral basis to avoid the devastating effects of GCC.

Success of model forests, which are organized to support sustainable management of forests in collaboration with environmental, social, and economic forces on forest-based large territories, depends on the development of civil society index dimensions de"ned as “stakeholder participation,” “organizational structure,” “environment,” “values,” and “impact.” In this study, which was carried out within the scope of Yalova Model Forest, situation analysis strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was used as a method. Literature and o'cial documents, expert opinions on “stakeholder engagement,” and data obtained through a 30-question survey were used as material. In this study, “historical development,” “legal regulations,” “activities” of Yalova Model Forest and weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, threats of civil society index and strategies pertaining to them were determined. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was conducted by forming four separate focus groups for four dimensions of the Yalova Model Forest civil society index. According to the results of this study, the stakeholder participation dimension was concluded to be exceedingly inadequate. This is evidenced by advocate stakeholders’ insu'cient participation rates in activities, absence of adverse stakeholders in this reconciliation platform, and the fact that 99% of dormant–indi(erent stakeholders are unaware of this organization’s existence. Therefore, stakeholder participation dimension should be strengthened and the strategic plans that will be implemented should be prepared with the participation of stakeholders. Otherwise, Yalova Model Forest’s existence, as a civil society organization, will be jeopardized. However, active advocate stakeholders’ enthusiasm about resolving problems is reassuring for the future of Yalova Model Forest.

Especially steppe-forest ecotones, formed naturally or human-induced, are under threat due to overuse, inappropriate land use, and wrong interventions. These transition zones have long been a focus of interest for ecologists, and more research is needed, especially on the relationship between plant diversity and edaphic factors. The research area is located in the northern part of Çankırı province in Türkiye. The study used the line transect approach to evaluate the link between plant species diversity, litter, and soil parameters in the steppe-to-forest transition zone. The transects are about 12 kilometers long and create a line from the steppe to the forest. According to RDA findings, plant species diversity in the transition zone was significantly correlated with litter concentrations of Ca, K, P, and Mg. Plant biodiversity in the steppe zone correlated with soil Ca, CaCO3, Na, and pH levels. Our findings shed light on the relationship between plant diversity and edaphic (soil) properties in the steppe, forest, and transition zones. Elevated calcium levels in the steppe and transition zones indicate a higher appropriateness for calcicole plants (those that grow in calcium-rich habitats). This insight provides useful information for using native plant species in restoration and rehabilitation activities aimed at steppe and transition zone ecosystems.

Climate change is adversely impacting the agricultural sector through increasingly drier conditions, pushing farmers into wetlands. This has major implications on forested wetlands and wetland ecosystems. This study was carried out to assess how climate change is inducing the expansion of crop cultivation into forested wetlands and the implications on wetlands and wetland ecosystems in Cameroon. Findings revealed that the main extreme weather events driving the expansion of crop cultivation into forested wetlands are extreme sunshine, bush fires, scanty and erratic rainfall, prolong dry spells, high temperatures, and recurrent storms. Market garden crops and food/cash crops are the main types of crops cultivated by farmers in forested wetlands faced with weather extremes. Market garden crop cultivation increases the propensity of extension into forested wetlands compared to food/cash crops. Major implications of crop cultivation in forested wetlands are biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and pollution. Favourable policies are needed to stem the tide of forested wetland degradation.

The Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary (TWS), situated in the southeastern part of Bangladesh, is a crucial forest biodiversity hotspot in Bangladesh currently having tremendous pressure due to various socioeconomic factors. The key objective of the study is to find out the degradation of the forest cover by land use and land cover (LULC) classification of TWS from 1991 to 2021 using Google Earth Engine (GEE) application programming interface (API)-based supervised classification approaches. The study used satellite and key informant interviews (KIIs) data to detect the forest landscape’s degradation and find the potential solution to combat the degradation. It also used ArcGIS spatial analysis tools for LULC change detection and mapping. The investigation found that the dense forest vegetation in the TWS decreased by 1389 ha from 1991 (4665 ha) to 2021 (3277 ha), which is 12% of the study area. Similarly, the agricultural land, covering 3.34% of TWS, decreased by 388 ha from 1991 to 2021. The human settlement, light forests, and built-up areas showed an increase of 8% (930 ha), 6% (694 ha), and 1.3% (148 ha), respectively, in the last three decades. Although the increment of the built-up area is small, it poses severe threats to the biodiversity and flow of ecosystem services from TWS. The KIIs indicated that the Rohingya influx, overexploitation by high population density, lack of mass awareness, illegal felling, expansion of human settlements, and fuelwood supply to the brick fields, factories, government and non-government organization’s offices and warehouses are abiotic drivers of forest degradation. At the same time, cyclones, reduced rainfall, and increased temperature were the natural causes. The study suggested measures to combat the degradation of the forest landscape, enabling policymakers to plan measures to retard further degradation of the TWS and conserve the threatened and rare species for reinstalling the ecosystem services.

Natural and anthropogenic changes in the composition of tropical forests are expected to alter soil properties. Thus, an understanding of the effects on changes in crop/plant composition on soil properties is needed to choose better land-use options. So, the primary goal of this study was to examine the impacts of land-use change (from shifting cultivation to teak and rubber plantation) on some physico-chemical features (available P, K, N, pH, moisture content (MC), bulk density, organic matter (OM)) of soil. Soil physico-chemical properties were compared to a shifting cultivation land with a 14-yearold teak plantation and a 16-year-old rubber plantation that had previously been used for shifting cultivation. Results showed that soil properties change with the changes of crop/plant composition, such as phosphorus (P), K, and OM was significantly high in teak and rubber plantation than the shifting cultivation area both in surface (0–10 cm) and sub-surface (10–20 cm) soil layers. Teak (3.5689 mg/kg) and rubber (3.5478 mg/kg) plantations exhibited significantly higher mean P content (p < .01) compared to shifting cultivation (3.4678 mg/kg). Shifting cultivation had the maximum K levels (0.2233 meq/100 g), while teak (0.2833 meq/100 g) and rubber (0.2733 meq/100 g) plantations showed significantly higher values (p < .05). Moisture content was 1.13% higher in teak and 1.2% higher in rubber plantations than in shifting cultivation. Furthermore, OM content was significantly higher in teak and rubber plantations (5.2744%, 5.2567%) compared to shifting cultivation (4.5067%). On the other hand, total nitrogen (N) and pH levels showed no significant difference among the landuse types. Finally, the study showed that conversion to teak and rubber plantation could lead to positive change in the soil properties. Hence it suggested that this can be undertaken/chosen as a better land cover option for shifting cultivated land in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) from soil conservation point of view.

As far as numerous researchers are concerned, the main source of sediment in forests is roads and their related elements. Due to the importance of this issue, research has been conducted extensively in this regard. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the WARSEM model in the study area. To achieve this goal, in addition to determining the appropriate correction factor to calibrate the model, evaluating the effect of fill slope factors on the accuracy of the results of WARSEM model in the study area was desirable as well. The study area was a part of the Hyrcanian forests in the Northwest Iran. After recording fixed information along the road, fieldwork was done for a whole year because it was decided to utilize natural rainfall showers in the study process. The field observations indicated that the amount of sediment in the study area was high; nevertheless, the WARSEM has about a 19% overestimate in the study area. Thus, the calibration index for the study area was supposed to be 0.81, based on bringing the R2, NS, and RMSE closer to acceptable values. Also, the results showed that the amount of fill slope sediment does not cause a significant change in the overall results. Therefore, the opinion of the model designers is also valid in the study area. Moreover, the results indicated that road gradient and delivery factor are more effective than other factors in changing the result of the model.

Soil erosion presents a global challenge, leading to severe repercussions such as soil degradation, compromised water quality, reduced agricultural output, and ecological harm, endangering life's sustainability on Earth. To preserve soil fertility and water quality within a watershed, it is crucial to compute soil loss quantities, sediment delivery ratios (SDRs), and nutrient concentrations within suspended sediments (SS). The Değirmendere watershed in Turkey's Trabzon province was selected for research area. The study employed the RUSLE method in coupled with Geographical Information Systems to quantify soil loss and SDR. Direct measurement techniques were used to calculate the annual SS, as well as carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN) content within the SS. Over a span of twelve months spanning January to December 2019, water samples were collected. The outcomes revealed that the watershed experiences annual amount of soil erosion is 592,140 tons year−1 with an average rate of 5.61 tons ha−1 year−1 . The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) was calculated to be 0.38. Other analysis indicated that the annual estimated sediment load and the directly measured annual quantities are 225 013 and 97 660, respectively. Both directly measured and predicted suspended sediment contain 0.15% TN and 1.13% C. The estimated sediment load is nearly two and a half times greater than the direct stream measurement (y=2.304x). The outcomes of this research carry important implications for upcoming studies focused on the preservation of soil and water, a crucial measure in reducing soil erosion and improving water quality. The study provides guidance for future investigations concerning soil and water conservation.

Soil is a valuable resource for agricultural productivity. The objective of this study was to assess the development of soils over sandstone in the Southern Guinea Savanna area of Nigeria. The study area was stratified with respect to slope posi tion, after which representative soil profiles were dug in each slope position. The soil survey manual was used as a guide for the determination of soil morphological properties. Afterward, soil samples were obtained from genetic horizons. Physicochemical soil properties were determined using standard procedures. Results of the study indicate that parent material had a profound influence on soil characteristics, resulting in the development of 2 major soil types: Entisols and Inceptisols. Dominant factors influencing the development of these soils are parent material, topography, and climate. Soil depths are shallow on summit to backslope positions with deep soils occurring on footslope to toeslope positions. Soils are coarse textured, have high hydraulic conductivity in the surface soils and low water-holding capacity. In addition, soils have low fertility but have high potentials for productivity if the fertility of the soil can be improved upon.

With the mounting evidence of the impact of climate change, measures to prevent it have gained momentum over recent years. A key part of this process has been the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. With the enforcement of this protocol, the carbon market has risen to the top of the agenda. If we consider that forests are the most important factor in terms of the reduction of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, it is of utmost importance to clarify the legal relationship between carbon and forests. With this purpose in mind, this study primarily focuses on defining carbon and the sources of carbon emissions. It then investigates the scope of ownership rights in legal terms under Turkish law. Lastly, it assesses this issue in the context of forests to make a conclusion that carbon is the legal product of forest lands.