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DIVERSIFICATION OF CROP ROTATION WITH FIELD PEAS ON NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY FOR WINTER WHEAT YIELD Texto completo
2021
Ausra Arlauskiene | Lina Sarunaite | Krystina Razbadauskiene | Monika Toleikiene | Zydre Kadziuliene | Arvydas Arlauskas
Crop rotations that involve plants with additional functions can reduce the use of mineral fertilizers and improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of crop diversification with field peas (Pisum sativum L.), catch crops on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and N utilization efficiency. The following crop rotation was studied: 1) spring barley – spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) – winter wheat– winter wheat; 2) spring barley – field pea – winter wheat – winter wheat; 3) spring barley + white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) as catch crop – field pea – winter wheat – winter wheat. Mineral N fertiliser was applied for crop rotation plants: 1) unfertilised, 2) sustainable fertilising and 3) intensive fertilising. The studies also compared and evaluated three Lithuanian pea varieties ‘Ieva DS’, ‘Jura DS’ and ‘Egle DS’. Pea as a preceding crop for winter wheat increased the soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) content by 38.0% compared to rapeseed (as preceding crop). The productivity of winter wheat grown after pea was 888-1056 kg ha-1 higher compared to the winter wheat yield grown after spring oilseed rape. Based on the data of the yield of winter wheat and the N accumulated in that winter wheat, it can be stated that the rate of mineral N fertilisers after legume grains can be reduced by 47 kg N ha-1. The highest efficiency of mineral N fertilizers was determined on the wheat yield sown after pre-sowing pea and sustainable fertilised. After re-sowing winter wheat, grain yield was low, and the pre-sowing effect was small. However, N fertilisers for wheat were particularly effective in both crop rotations of spring oilseed rape and field pea. Pea varieties differed in yield, N accumulation in biomass, and residue content. This affects their value as pre-crops.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]An automated early-season method to map winter wheat using time-series Sentinel-2 data: A case study of Shandong, China Texto completo
2021
Zhang, Hongyan | Du, Hongyu | Zhang, Chengkang | Zhang, Liangpei
Timely and accurate information on winter wheat distribution and planting area is of great significance to food security, policy-making, and ecological function evaluation. However, several problems exist in the traditional winter wheat mapping approaches using remote sensing data, such as the limited spatial resolution of the remote sensing image data, the utilization of full-season remote sensing data, and the heavy dependence on training data. In this context, we propose a method based on the Sentinel-2 time series data with a 10-m spatial resolution to map winter wheat in Shandong, China. This is a novel, easy-to-operate, and effective mapping method, which is called the automated early-season method to map winter wheat using the Sentinel-2 data (AEMMS). The model is based on the assumption that the biomass accumulated by winter crops (mainly consisting of winter wheat and garlic in Shandong province) is gradually increasing and other vegetation is gradually decreasing in the early-season phenological window phase. In addition, winter wheat is the crop that accumulates the most biomass among all the winter crops in Shandong province, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value of winter wheat is generally higher than that of garlic. We designe five phenological metrics and a series of classification rules for winter wheat discrimination. The AEMMS method has the following advantages: (1) it achieves high spatial resolution winter wheat mapping with a 10-m spatial resolution; (2) it is an early-season mapping method, which provides winter wheat maps nearly 5 months before harvest; and (3) it is automatic and needs no training sample data. The AEMMS method was applied in Shandong, China, to discriminate winter wheat for the 2017–2018 season. Winter wheat areas were derived in all 17 of the municipal administrative regions of Shandong province, and a strong correlation was observed between the derived winter wheat areas and the official statistics, with the coefficient of determination reaching 0.8973. A high mapping accuracy was also achieved in Jiaxiang County using the AEMMS method, with an overall accuracy of 97.80% and a kappa coefficient of 0.9368.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Winter Wheat Adaptation to Climate Change in Turkey Texto completo
2021
Kaya, Yuksel
Winter Wheat Adaptation to Climate Change in Turkey Texto completo
2021
Kaya, Yuksel
Climate change scenarios reveal that Turkey’s wheat production area is under the combined effects of heat and drought stresses. The adverse effects of climate change have just begun to be experienced in Turkey’s spring and the winter wheat zones. However, climate change is likely to affect the winter wheat zone more severely. Fortunately, there is a fast, repeatable, reliable and relatively affordable way to predict climate change effects on winter wheat (e.g., testing winter wheat in the spring wheat zone). For this purpose, 36 wheat genotypes in total, consisting of 14 spring and 22 winter types, were tested under the field conditions of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, a representative of the spring wheat zone of Turkey, during the two cropping seasons (2017–2018 and 2019–2020). Simultaneous heat (>30 °C) and drought (<40 mm) stresses occurring in May and June during both growing seasons caused drastic losses in winter wheat grain yield and its components. Declines in plant characteristics of winter wheat genotypes, compared to those of spring wheat genotypes using as a control treatment, were determined as follows: 46.3% in grain yield, 23.7% in harvest index, 30.5% in grains per spike and 19.4% in thousand kernel weight, whereas an increase of 282.2% in spike sterility occurred. On the other hand, no substantial changes were observed in plant height (10 cm longer than that of spring wheat) and on days to heading (25 days more than that of spring wheat) of winter wheat genotypes. In general, taller winter wheat genotypes tended to lodge. Meanwhile, it became impossible to avoid the combined effects of heat and drought stresses during anthesis and grain filling periods because the time to heading of winter wheat genotypes could not be shortened significantly. In conclusion, our research findings showed that many winter wheat genotypes would not successfully adapt to climate change. It was determined that specific plant characteristics such as vernalization requirement, photoperiod sensitivity, long phenological duration (lack of earliness per se) and vulnerability to diseases prevailing in the spring wheat zone, made winter wheat difficult to adapt to climate change. The most important strategic step that can be taken to overcome these challenges is that Turkey’s wheat breeding program objectives should be harmonized with the climate change scenarios.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Winter Wheat Adaptation to Climate Change in Turkey Texto completo
2021
Yuksel Kaya
Climate change scenarios reveal that Turkey’s wheat production area is under the combined effects of heat and drought stresses. The adverse effects of climate change have just begun to be experienced in Turkey’s spring and the winter wheat zones. However, climate change is likely to affect the winter wheat zone more severely. Fortunately, there is a fast, repeatable, reliable and relatively affordable way to predict climate change effects on winter wheat (e.g., testing winter wheat in the spring wheat zone). For this purpose, 36 wheat genotypes in total, consisting of 14 spring and 22 winter types, were tested under the field conditions of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, a representative of the spring wheat zone of Turkey, during the two cropping seasons (2017–2018 and 2019–2020). Simultaneous heat (>30 °C) and drought (<40 mm) stresses occurring in May and June during both growing seasons caused drastic losses in winter wheat grain yield and its components. Declines in plant characteristics of winter wheat genotypes, compared to those of spring wheat genotypes using as a control treatment, were determined as follows: 46.3% in grain yield, 23.7% in harvest index, 30.5% in grains per spike and 19.4% in thousand kernel weight, whereas an increase of 282.2% in spike sterility occurred. On the other hand, no substantial changes were observed in plant height (10 cm longer than that of spring wheat) and on days to heading (25 days more than that of spring wheat) of winter wheat genotypes. In general, taller winter wheat genotypes tended to lodge. Meanwhile, it became impossible to avoid the combined effects of heat and drought stresses during anthesis and grain filling periods because the time to heading of winter wheat genotypes could not be shortened significantly. In conclusion, our research findings showed that many winter wheat genotypes would not successfully adapt to climate change. It was determined that specific plant characteristics such as vernalization requirement, photoperiod sensitivity, long phenological duration (lack of earliness per se) and vulnerability to diseases prevailing in the spring wheat zone, made winter wheat difficult to adapt to climate change. The most important strategic step that can be taken to overcome these challenges is that Turkey’s wheat breeding program objectives should be harmonized with the climate change scenarios.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]A spectral index for winter wheat mapping using multi-temporal Landsat NDVI data of key growth stages Texto completo
2021
Qu, Chang | Li, Peijun | Zhang, Chengming
Winter wheat is one of the most important staple crops in the world. Accurate and timely information on the spatial distribution and temporal change of winter wheat is critical for food security and environmental sustainability. Multi-temporal images and time series data of medium resolution are widely used in winter wheat mapping. However, relatively long revisit times and image noise often result in a deficiency in full time series data. In this paper, a new spectral index, called the winter wheat index (WWI), using multi-temporal Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data of four key growth stages of winter wheat, was proposed to highlight and map winter wheat. Two distinctive NDVI contrasts, each consisting of an NDVI peak and trough, were identified and used in the WWI. The proposed index was evaluated through qualitative and quantitative analyses as well as winter wheat mapping, and compared with three state-of-the-art methods. To map winter wheat using WWI, a Monte Carlo cross validation procedure was adopted to determine the optimal thresholds of the WWI. Visual comparison showed that winter wheat was highlighted by higher WWI values, whereas other land cover types had lower WWI values. The experimental results from quantitative analysis indicated that WWI achieved better separability between winter wheat and other land cover types than the other comparative indices. The proposed WWI also produced more accurate winter wheat mapping results, compared with the state-of-art methods. Therefore, the proposed WWI provides a useful variable for winter wheat mapping, which reduced the dependence on full time series data and the use of noise images, and can be applied in other study areas.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Depending on Previous Crop and Tillage System Texto completo
2021
Gawęda, Dorota | Haliniarz, Małgorzata
Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Depending on Previous Crop and Tillage System Texto completo
2021
Gawęda, Dorota | Haliniarz, Małgorzata
The effects of previous crops (soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg)), as well as of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), on yield and some quality parameters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain were evaluated based on a four-year field experiment. Wheat was grown in a four-field crop rotation: Soybean—winter wheat—winter oilseed rape—winter wheat. The study revealed that growing winter wheat after soybean, compared to its cultivation in the field after winter oilseed rape, significantly increased grain and straw yield, as well as all yield and crop components evaluated. After the previous soybean crop, higher grain protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, and grain uniformity were also found. After winter oilseed rape, only a greater value of the gluten index was obtained. Statistical analysis did not show the tillage system (TS) to influence the grain yield of winter wheat. Under the CT system, relative to NT, straw yield, number of ears per 1 m², and plant height of winter wheat were found to be significantly higher. The NT system, on the other hand, beneficially affected the thousand grain weight. Wheat grain harvested under the CT system was characterized by a higher grain test weight, better grain uniformity, and lower gluten index than under NT.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Depending on Previous Crop and Tillage System Texto completo
2021
Dorota Gawęda | Małgorzata Haliniarz
The effects of previous crops (soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.) and winter oilseed rape (<i>Brassica napus</i> L. ssp. <i>oleifera</i> Metzg)), as well as of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), on yield and some quality parameters of winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) grain were evaluated based on a four-year field experiment. Wheat was grown in a four-field crop rotation: Soybean—winter wheat—winter oilseed rape—winter wheat. The study revealed that growing winter wheat after soybean, compared to its cultivation in the field after winter oilseed rape, significantly increased grain and straw yield, as well as all yield and crop components evaluated. After the previous soybean crop, higher grain protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, and grain uniformity were also found. After winter oilseed rape, only a greater value of the gluten index was obtained. Statistical analysis did not show the tillage system (TS) to influence the grain yield of winter wheat. Under the CT system, relative to NT, straw yield, number of ears per 1 m<sup>2</sup>, and plant height of winter wheat were found to be significantly higher. The NT system, on the other hand, beneficially affected the thousand grain weight. Wheat grain harvested under the CT system was characterized by a higher grain test weight, better grain uniformity, and lower gluten index than under NT.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Productivity of winter wheat in the northern Steppe of Ukraine depending on weather conditions in the early spring period Texto completo
2021
The objective of the research was to develop scientific and methodological bases for adapting the technology of growing winter wheat depending on weather conditions in early spring. Winter wheat was grown at different sowing dates. It is established that the reserves of productive moisture in the soil at the time of renewal of spring vegetation are crucial for the formation of winter wheat harvest. After worse forecrop, the impact of moisture on productivity reaches 49.7–66.4%. The later the renewal of spring vegetation of winter wheat is, the lower the productivity of the crops. The shorter the period from the date of transition of the average daily air temperature above 0 °C to the beginning of active vegetation of plants is, the higher the productivity of winter wheat crops. Therefore, depending on weather conditions of early spring period and the time of renewal of spring vegetation of plants, it is necessary to adjust the technology of growing winter wheat during the spring-summer period.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Productivity of winter wheat in the northern Steppe of Ukraine depending on weather conditions in the early spring period Texto completo
2021
Mostipan, M. | Vasylkovska, K. | Andriienko, O. | Kovalov, M. | Umrykhin, N.
The objective of the research was to develop scientific and methodological bases foradapting the technology of growing winter wheat depending on weather conditions in earlyspring. Winter wheat was grown at different sowing dates. It is established that the reserves ofproductive moisture in the soil at the time of renewal of spring vegetation are crucial for theformation of winter wheat harvest. After worse forecrop, the impact of moisture on productivityreaches 49.7–66.4%. The later the renewal of spring vegetation of winter wheat is, the lower theproductivity of the crops. The shorter the period from the date of transition of the average dailyair temperature above 0 °C to the beginning of active vegetation of plants is, the higher theproductivity of winter wheat crops. Therefore, depending on weather conditions of early springperiod and the time of renewal of spring vegetation of plants, it is necessary to adjust thetechnology of growing winter wheat during the spring-summer period.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Winter wheat yields depending on preceding crops in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine Texto completo
2021
S. Shylo | A. Babenko
Winter wheat yields depending on preceding crops in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine Texto completo
2021
S. Shylo | A. Babenko
The article presents the results of research on the specifics of winter wheat yield formation depending on preceding crops. It was established that in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, according to the ability to provide winter wheat during the sowing period (0-10 cm soil layer) with available moisture, the preceding crops were arranged as follows: peas – winter rape – sunflower – soybeans – corn for silage. At the time of sowing winter wheat, sufficient reserves of available moisture in the 0-10 cm soil layer were established after peas and winter rape, respectively, 11.5 and 10.9 mm. Soybeans and corn for silage, as predecessors, did not provide sufficient moisture reserves for sowing winter wheat in both the 0-10 cm and 0-30 cm soil layers. The highest yield of winter wheat in 2019-2021 averaged 5.68 t/ha, achieved by planting it after peas. The use of winter rape and soybeans as a precursor reduced its yield by 4.40 and 5.40%, respectively, which in absolute terms amounted to 0.25 and 0.31 t/ha. When winter wheat was cultivated after corn for silage and sunflower, the crop yield decreased by 0.48 and 0.67 t/ha, respectively. The highest quality indices of winter wheat grain – protein content of 13.1 and 13.3% and gluten content of 25.2 and 25.5% – were obtained when it was placed after legumes (peas and soybeans). Winter rape, as a predecessor, provided grain quality indices of 13.0% protein and 24.5% gluten. When sown after sunflower and corn for silage, the protein content of winter wheat grain was 12.6% and 12.8%, respectively, and the gluten content was 24.0% and 24.1%
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Winter wheat yields depending on preceding crops in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine | Урожайність озимої пшениці залежно від попередників у Правобережному Лісостепу України Texto completo
2021
S. Shylo | A. Babenko
The article presents the results of research on the specifics of winter wheat yield formation depending on preceding crops. It was established that in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, according to the ability to provide winter wheat during the sowing period (0-10 cm soil layer) with available moisture, the preceding crops were arranged as follows: peas – winter rape – sunflower – soybeans – corn for silage. At the time of sowing winter wheat, sufficient reserves of available moisture in the 0-10 cm soil layer were established after peas and winter rape, respectively, 11.5 and 10.9 mm. Soybeans and corn for silage, as predecessors, did not provide sufficient moisture reserves for sowing winter wheat in both the 0-10 cm and 0-30 cm soil layers. The highest yield of winter wheat in 2019-2021 averaged 5.68 t/ha, achieved by planting it after peas. The use of winter rape and soybeans as a precursor reduced its yield by 4.40 and 5.40%, respectively, which in absolute terms amounted to 0.25 and 0.31 t/ha. When winter wheat was cultivated after corn for silage and sunflower, the crop yield decreased by 0.48 and 0.67 t/ha, respectively. The highest quality indices of winter wheat grain – protein content of 13.1 and 13.3% and gluten content of 25.2 and 25.5% – were obtained when it was placed after legumes (peas and soybeans). Winter rape, as a predecessor, provided grain quality indices of 13.0% protein and 24.5% gluten. When sown after sunflower and corn for silage, the protein content of winter wheat grain was 12.6% and 12.8%, respectively, and the gluten content was 24.0% and 24.1% | У статті наведено результати досліджень особливостей формування врожайності пшениці озимої залежно від попередників. Встановлено, що в Правобережному Лісостепу за здатністю забезпечувати пшеницю озиму в період сівби (0-10 см шар ґрунту) доступною вологою попередники розташовувалися таким чином: горох - ріпак озимий - соняшник - соя - кукурудза на силос. На момент сівби озимої пшениці достатні запаси доступної вологи в шарі ґрунту 0-10 см встановилися після гороху та озимого ріпаку, відповідно 11,5 та 10,9 мм. Соя та кукурудза на силос, як попередники, не забезпечили достатніх запасів вологи для посіву озимої пшениці як у шарі ґрунту 0-10 см, так і 0-30 см. Найвища врожайність озимої пшениці в 2019-2021 рр. в середньому 5,68 т/га була досягнута за сівби її після гороху. Використання в якості попередника озимого ріпаку та сої знижувало її врожайність на 4,40 та 5,40% відповідно, що в абсолютному вираженні становило 0,25 та 0,31 т/га. При вирощуванні озимої пшениці після кукурудзи на силос та соняшнику врожайність зменшилася на 0,48 та 0,67 т/га відповідно. Найвищі показники якості зерна озимої пшениці - вміст білка 13,1 і 13,3% та клейковини 25,2 і 25,5% - були отримані при розміщенні її після бобових культур (гороху та сої). Озимий ріпак, як попередник, забезпечив показники якості зерна на рівні 13,0% білка та 24,5% клейковини. При розміщенні після соняшнику та кукурудзи на силос вміст білка в зерні озимої пшениці становив 12,6% та 12,8% відповідно, а вміст клейковини - 24,0% та 24,1%
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