Dois bovinos, fêmeas, mestiças, 6 anos (caso 1) e 18 meses (caso 2) de idade mantidos em pastagem com intensa invasão por S. carpinifolia apresentaram dificuldade locomotora com inicio nos membros pélvicos progredindo para decúbito esternal ou lateral, nistagmo, tremores e fasciculação de cabeça em um período de quatro a cinco dias. No exame histológico evidenciou-se meningoencefalite e ganglioneurite não supurativa com corpúsculos de Negri em neurônios do cerebelo, tronco encefálico, hipocampo, gânglio trigeminal e medula espinhal. Havia vacuolização citoplasmática nas células de Purkinje e nos neurônios do gânglio trigeminal. A imunofluorescência direta (IFD) para raiva foi positiva nos dois bovinos e na imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) houve marcação do antígeno rábico nos neurônios do córtex cerebelar e cerebral, hipocampo e gânglio trigeminal. A histoquímica com lectinas evidenciou que o citoplasma vacuolizado dos neurônios apresentaram marcação para Con-A, WGA e sWGA. De acordo com os achados morfológicos, os epidemiológicos, a IHQ e a IFD para raiva e o padrão histoquímico com lectinas conclui-se que o presente relato representa dois casos subclínicos de intoxicação por S. carpinifolia em bovinos com infecção pelo vírus da raiva.<br>Two female bovine, crossbreed, 6-year-old (case 1) and 18-month-old (case 2) grazing in pasture infested by Sida carpinifolia showed gait difficulties, initially at the pelvic limbs, progressing to sternal or lateral decumbency, nystagmus, tremors, and fasciculation of the head for four to five days. Histologically was observed meningoencephalitis and ganglioneuritis nonsuppurative with Negri corpuscles in the neurons of the cerebellum, brain steam, hippocampus, trigeminal ganglion and spinal cord. Another histological finding was a cytoplasmic vacuolation of the Purkinje cells and in the trigeminal ganglion neurons. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) for rabies viral antigen was positive in both animals and anti-rabies immunohistochemistry (IHC) was positive in the neurons of the cerebellar and cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and trigeminal ganglion. Con-A, WGA, and sWGA lectin histochemistry were positive in the vacuolated neurons. Based on the morphological and epidemiological features, rabies DIF and IHC, and lectin histochemistry the present report consists of two cases of subclinical poisoning with S. carpinifolia in cattle infected with rabies virus.

Dois bovinos, fêmeas, mestiças, 6 anos (caso 1) e 18 meses (caso 2) de idade mantidos em pastagem com intensa invasão por S. carpinifolia apresentaram dificuldade locomotora com inicio nos membros pélvicos progredindo para decúbito esternal ou lateral, nistagmo, tremores e fasciculação de cabeça em um período de quatro a cinco dias. No exame histológico evidenciou-se meningoencefalite e ganglioneurite não supurativa com corpúsculos de Negri em neurônios do cerebelo, tronco encefálico, hipocampo, gânglio trigeminal e medula espinhal. Havia vacuolização citoplasmática nas células de Purkinje e nos neurônios do gânglio trigeminal. A imunofluorescência direta (IFD) para raiva foi positiva nos dois bovinos e na imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) houve marcação do antígeno rábico nos neurônios do córtex cerebelar e cerebral, hipocampo e gânglio trigeminal. A histoquímica com lectinas evidenciou que o citoplasma vacuolizado dos neurônios apresentaram marcação para Con- A, WGA e sWGA. De acordo com os achados morfológicos, os epidemiológicos, a IHQ e a IFD para raiva e o padrão histoquímico com lectinas conclui-se que o presente relato representa dois casos subclínicos de intoxicação por S. carpinifolia em bovinos com infecção pelo vírus da raiva. | Two female bovine, crossbreed, 6-year-old (case 1) and 18-month-old (case 2) grazing in pasture infested by Sida carpinifolia showed gait difficulties, initially at the pelvic limbs, progressing to sternal or lateral decumbency, nystagmus, tremors, and fasciculation of the head for four to five days. Histologically was observed meningoencephalitis and ganglioneuritis nonsuppurative with Negri corpuscles in the neurons of the cerebellum, brain steam, hippocampus, trigeminal ganglion and spinal cord. Another histological finding was a cytoplasmic vacuolation of the Purkinje cells and in the trigeminal ganglion neurons. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) for rabies viral antigen was positive in both animals and anti-rabies immunohistochemistry (IHC) was positive in the neurons of the cerebellar and cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and trigeminal ganglion. Con-A, WGA, and sWGA lectin histochemistry were positive in the vacuolated neurons. Based on the morphological and epidemiological features, rabies DIF and IHC, and lectin histochemistry the present report consists of two cases of subclinical poisoning with S. carpinifolia in cattle infected with rabies virus.

Dois bovinos, fêmeas, mestiças, 6 anos (caso 1) e 18 meses (caso 2) de idade mantidos em pastagem com intensa invasão por S. carpinifolia apresentaram dificuldade locomotora com inicio nos membros pélvicos progredindo para decúbito esternal ou lateral, nistagmo, tremores e fasciculação de cabeça em um período de quatro a cinco dias. No exame histológico evidenciou-se meningoencefalite e ganglioneurite não supurativa com corpúsculos de Negri em neurônios do cerebelo, tronco encefálico, hipocampo, gânglio trigeminal e medula espinhal. Havia vacuolização citoplasmática nas células de Purkinje e nos neurônios do gânglio trigeminal. A imunofluorescência direta (IFD) para raiva foi positiva nos dois bovinos e na imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) houve marcação do antígeno rábico nos neurônios do córtex cerebelar e cerebral, hipocampo e gânglio trigeminal. A histoquímica com lectinas evidenciou que o citoplasma vacuolizado dos neurônios apresentaram marcação para Con-A, WGA e sWGA. De acordo com os achados morfológicos, os epidemiológicos, a IHQ e a IFD para raiva e o padrão histoquímico com lectinas conclui-se que o presente relato representa dois casos subclínicos de intoxicação por S. carpinifolia em bovinos com infecção pelo vírus da raiva. | Two female bovine, crossbreed, 6-year-old (case 1) and 18-month-old (case 2) grazing in pasture infested by Sida carpinifolia showed gait difficulties, initially at the pelvic limbs, progressing to sternal or lateral decumbency, nystagmus, tremors, and fasciculation of the head for four to five days. Histologically was observed meningoencephalitis and ganglioneuritis nonsuppurative with Negri corpuscles in the neurons of the cerebellum, brain steam, hippocampus, trigeminal ganglion and spinal cord. Another histological finding was a cytoplasmic vacuolation of the Purkinje cells and in the trigeminal ganglion neurons. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) for rabies viral antigen was positive in both animals and anti-rabies immunohistochemistry (IHC) was positive in the neurons of the cerebellar and cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and trigeminal ganglion. Con-A, WGA, and sWGA lectin histochemistry were positive in the vacuolated neurons. Based on the morphological and epidemiological features, rabies DIF and IHC, and lectin histochemistry the present report consists of two cases of subclinical poisoning with S. carpinifolia in cattle infected with rabies virus.

BACKGROUND: The interest in neonatal screening for lysosomal storage disorders has increased substantially because of newly developed enzyme replacement therapies, the need for early diagnosis, and technical advances. We tested for Gaucher's disease, Pompe's disease, Fabry's disease, and Niemann-Pick disease types A and B in an anonymous prospective nationwide screening study that included genetic mutation analysis to assess the practicality and appropriateness of including these disorders in neonatal screening panels. METHODS: Specimens from dried blood spots of 34 736 newborn babies were collected consecutively from January, 2010 to July, 2010, as part of the national routine Austrian newborn screening programme. Anonymised samples were analysed for enzyme activities of acid β-glucocerebrosidase, α-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, and acid sphingomyelinase by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Genetic mutation analyses were done in samples with suspected enzyme deficiency. FINDINGS: All 34 736 samples were analysed successfully by the multiplex screening assay. Low enzyme activities were detected in 38 babies. Mutation analysis confirmed lysosomal storage disorders in 15 of them. The most frequent mutations were found for Fabry's disease (1 per 3859 births), followed by Pompe's disease (1 per 8684), and Gaucher's disease (1 per 17 368). The positive predictive values were 32% (95% CI 16–52), 80% (28–99), and 50% (7–93), respectively. Mutational analysis detected predominantly missense mutations associated with a late-onset phenotype. INTERPRETATION: The combined overall proportion of infants carrying a mutation for lysosomal storage disorders was higher than expected. Neonatal screening for lysosomal storage disorders is likely to raise challenges for primary health-care providers. Furthermore, the high frequency of late-onset mutations makes lysosomal storage disorders a broad health problem beyond childhood. FUNDING: Austrian Ministry of Health, Family, and Women.

The Pink Lady apple is problemless in cold storage for internal quality but it is susceptible to two storage diseases: common scald and internal browning. Different storage conditions were tested during four years in order to reduce their occurrence. Under ULO (ultra low oxygen) conditions, scald development could be avoided. The use of 1-MCP (Smart Fresh) was in return only partially effective against this storage disease. In our tests, scald developed mainly in the stem cavity of the fruits despite of this treatment. Storage at higher temperatures from 3.5 to 4 °C reduced the appearance of internal browning. Smart Fresh also had a good effect against the disease. However, the results with the different storage conditions during the four years have shown that the influence of climatic conditions of a year and the influence of the orchard may be very high. Currently, no storage conditions can be recommended to prevent internal browning after six months of cold storage. In conclusion, according to our results it is recommended to store Pink Lady apples under ULO conditions at a temperature from 3.5 to 4 °C. The control of the appearance of internal browning is highly recommended since April.

The influence of storage temperature on post storage fungal prevalence and quality of citrus fruit (sweet orange cv. Blood Red) was investigated at the Horticultural Laboratory of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar. The fruits were exposed to 5, 10 and 20 degree C for 45 days and then kept at ambient temperature for 25 days. The fruits were evaluated for disease incidence and other quality attributes at 5 days incubation to the maximum of 25 days. Results indicated that disease incidence and prevalence of Penecillium itallicum and Penecillium digitatum were higher in fruits stored at 5 and 20 degree C and were lower at 10 degree C. Weight loss was higher in the fruits stored at 20 degree C followed by 5 degree C and was lower at 10 degree C Ascorbic acid was higher in fruits stored at 10 degree C followed by 5 and was lower at 20 degree C. Disease incidence and prevalence of Penecillium itallicum and Penecillium digitatum and weight loss increased while ascorbic acid decreased with increase in post storage incubation from 0 to 25 days. It is concluded that storage of citrus fruits at 10 degree C performed better in terms of fight against disease and fungal prevalence and perseverance of quality.

Occurrence of postharvest pericarp browning and rapid decay limit the postharvest storage life of litchi fruit. Effect of low temperature storage on the physico-chemical characteristics of two commercial litchi cultivars 'Bedana' and 'Serai' stored at 5 degree C for 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days were investigated. Incidence of pericarp browning, disease severity and fruit physicochemical characteristics were determined immediately after each removal. During cold storage fruit firmness (15-5.1 N), weight loss (7.06-1.92%), aril: stone ratio (15.3-11.7) and sensory values of fruit decreased, whereas fruit pericarp browning index (0.33-3.25), postharvest disease index (0.5-2.4) and fruit cracking (0.08-1.16%) increased. Fruit weight loss, pericarp browning and disease severity were higher in 'Serai' than 'Bedana' fruit. The fruit of cv. 'Bedana' showed better aril: stone ratio (23.07), firmness (2.1 N), pH (4.15), SSC (19.04%), TA (0.14%), total sugars (12.11%) and ascorbic acid (44.8 mg 100 g-1) contents than 'Serai'. Fruit flavour, texture and aroma changed rapidly during cold storage in 'Serai' than 'Bedana'. The pH of fruit juice showed slightly increasing trend during the whole span of storage, while SSC (20.4-17.4%), TA (0.23-0.05%), ascorbic acid (55-32.8 mg 100g-1), total sugars (13.5-10.5%) and phenolics (0.71-0.45 mug 100 g-1) showed decreasing trend. Litchi cv. 'Bedana' exhibited higher total phenolic contents (0.71 mug 100 g-1) than 'Serai' (0.55 mug 100 g-1). The fruit of cv. 'Bedana' were found superior having less weight loss, pericarp browning index and disease severity index, with higher aril: stone ratio, flavour, texture, aroma, pH, SSC, TA, ascorbic acid, total sugars and phenolic contents. Results suggest that postharvest pericarp browning and fruit quality deterioration can be delayed by cold storage.

The induction of disease resistance and delayed ripening by hormetic doses of UV-C in postharvest crops has been well established. However, it is not known whether UV-C induced effects are preserved when the UV-C treated produce are transiently exposed to other abiotic stresses during storage. It was hypothesized that exposure of UV-C treated tissue to storage and handling stresses such as heat, cold, water stress, wounding and atmosphere (low O2 and high CO2) can modify UV-C induced effects. Mature green tomato fruit were treated with a hormetic UV-C dose of 3.7 kJ m-2 and stored at 13°C and RH of about 95%. After 24 h, UV-C treated fruit were further exposed to various storage stresses then returned to regular storage at 13°C: heat (35°C, 60 h); cold (1°C, 7days); N2 atmosphere (24 h); high O2 atmosphere (24 h); high CO2 atmosphere (8 h); water stress (75% RH, 7 days); and wounding. Fruit ripening was monitored by color measurement, and disease resistance was evaluated by inoculation of the fruit with Botrytis cinerea 12 days after treatment. Subsequent exposure of UV-C treated fruit to various stresses generally did not affect UV-C induced delay in ripening except wounding stress. The enhanced delay in ripening by cold stress or increased rate of ripening by heat stress were attributable to storage temperature history. Heat, hyper O2, and water stresses did not affect UV-C induced disease resistance; whereas wounding, cold, and to a small extent hypo O2 and CO2 attenuated UV-C induced disease resistance. Results suggest UV-C is a dominant stress and that UV-C induced effects are typically preserved after UV-C generated signal path is fully transduced.

Case Description—3 hornbills (2 Papua hornbills [Aceros plicatus] and 1 longtailed hornbill [Tockus albocristatus]) were evaluated because of general listlessness and loss of feather glossiness. Clinical Findings—Because hepatic iron storage disease was suspected, liver biopsy was performed and formalin-fixed liver samples were submitted for histologic examination and quantitative image analysis (QIA). Additional frozen liver samples were submitted for chemical analysis. Birds also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) under general anesthesia for noninvasive measurement of liver iron content. Serum biochemical analysis and analysis of feed were also performed. Results of diagnostic testing indicated that all 3 hornbills were affected with hepatic iron storage disease. Treatment and Outcome—The iron chelator deferiprone was administered (75 mg/kg [34.1 mg/lb], PO, once daily for 90 days). During the treatment period, liver biopsy samples were obtained at regular intervals for QIA and chemical analysis of the liver iron content and follow-up MRI was performed. In all 3 hornbills, a rapid and large decrease in liver iron content was observed. All 3 methods for quantifying the liver iron content were able to verify the decrease in liver iron content. Clinical Relevance—Orally administered deferiprone was found to effectively reduce the liver iron content in these 3 hornbills with iron storage disease. All 3 methods used to monitor the liver iron content (QIA, chemical analysis of liver biopsy samples, and MRI) had similar results, indicating that all of these methods should be considered for the diagnosis of iron storage disease and monitoring of liver iron content during treatment.

In order to evaluate the effects of heat treatment on the quality of postharvest bamboo shoots, the firmness, disease incidence, respiration and ethylene production, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities, lignin and cellulose contents, and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD) were examined during storage at 20°C after heat treatment at 45°C for 5h. Heat treatment inhibited disease incidence and respiration, retarded ethylene production, and decreased ACS and ACO activities in bamboo shoots. Furthermore, heat treatment significantly delayed the rise in the activities of PAL, CAD and POD, which were associated with the inhibition of the synthesis of lignin and the delayed tissue lignification. These findings suggest that heat treatment could be a potential tool to delay lignification and decrease disease incidence in bamboo shoots during storage at 20°C.