The rates of grain-setting in apical and basal spikelets in wheat directly affects the kernel number per spike. In this study, 220 wheat lines from 18 Chinese provinces and five foreign countries were used as a natural population. Phenotypic analysis showed differences in grain-setting rates between apical and basal spikelets. The broad-sense heritability of grain-setting rate in apical spikelets (18.7-21.0%) was higher than that for basal spikelets (9.4-16.4%). Significant correlations were found between kernel number per spike and grain numbers in apical (R2=0.40-0.45, P＜0.01) and basal (R2=0.41-0.56, P＜0.01) spikelets. Seventy two of 106 SSR markers were associated with grain setting, 32 for apical spikelets and 34 for basal spikelets. The SSR loci were located in 17 chromosomes, except 3A, 3D, 4A and 7D, and explained 3.7-22.9% of the phenotypic variance. Four markers, Xcfa2153-1A202, Xgwm186-5A118, Xgwm156-3B319 and Xgwm537-7B210, showed the largest effects on grain numbers in the apical and basal spikelets. High grain numbers in the apical and basal spikelets were associated with elite alleles. Ningmai 9, Ning 0569 and Yangmai 18 with high grain-setting rated carried larger numbers of favorable alleles. Comparison of grain numbers in basal and apical spikelets of 35 Yangmai and Ningmai lines indicated that the Ningmai lines had better grain-setting rates (mean 21.4) than the Yangmai lines (16.5).

Since independence, the number of sugar mills in the country decreased from 193 (in 1990) to 48 (in 2014). This reduction in the number of plants does not mean that companies working competitive environment has become more favorable.

Abstract The main obstacles in successful production is the attack of a disease. Preventive measures in reducing disease one of them is by means an increase in immunity the body of fish use natural compound (Parelberg et al., 2005). One of the natural compound that can be used as obtaining the immune system fish are the vitamin C, iodine, tannin (Bachtiar, dkk., 2012) and polysaccharides and derivatives as fucoidan. (Castro et. al., 2006) which is in Sargassum sp. With the provision of extract Sargassum sp. in feed is expected to optimize the number of erythrocytes and differensial leukocytes (number of neutrophils , monocytes and lymphocytes) at african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) so that it may optimize immunity the body of fish (Brown, 2000). The result of the observation of the blood of fish test is the use of extract Sargassum sp. wich get mixed in feed with doses 5, 10 and 15 g/kilogram feed during 21 days impact on the number of erythrocytes and prosentase lymphocytes blood catfishes. In doses C (15 g extract/ kilogram feed) put a value erythrocytes highest in day 21 namely 16.84 ± 1.56 x 105 cells/mm3, and give prosentase lymphocytes highest in day 21 than those wich others are 86.00 ± 3.81 %. But in a post test, B and C not seen the real difference between treatment. While for statistics the addition of extract not indicates the influence of real to the percentage neutrophils and monocytes of the blood fish. So that it can be said that addition extract Sargassum sp. with doses 15 g extract/kilogram feed give the effectiveness of the optimal response immune system than second doses other.

Researched the indicators of absolute number of leukocytes and their subpopulations in the blood of rabbits and immunoregulatory index after administrating into their blood stream of xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells. Established that xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells do not possess immunogenic properties and show short-lived immunosuppressive effect, manifested in reducing of the absolute number of leukocytes and their subpopulations in their blood on the 3rd day of the experiment. Immunosuppressive effect of xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells vivo is most pronounced on the population of B-lymphocytes. Immunoregulatory index after administratingin vivo of xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells increases. Key

Researched the indicators of absolute number of leukocytes and their subpopulations in the blood of rabbits and immunoregulatory index after administrating into their blood stream of xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells. Established that xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells do not possess immunogenic properties and show short-lived immunosuppressive effect, manifested in reducing of the absolute number of leukocytes and their subpopulations in their blood on the 3rd day of the experiment. Immunosuppressive effect of xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells vivo is most pronounced on the population of B-lymphocytes. Immunoregulatory index after administratingin vivo of xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells increases

Number of employees in Slovak agriculture and food industry shows in the long- term declining trend. The article provides view on employment development in agriculture and food sectors in past decade and it analyses reasons of jobs reduction. Employment development assesses by means of primary labour market indicators and simultaneously it indicates on the share of employment in particular national economy sectors in the Slovak Republic. Within monitoring branches it researches structure of employees from career focus of males and females, average age, educational and income level.

The purpose of study was to broaden our knowledge on the productivity and cost of thinning operations which has become increasingly practiced in Korea. The thinning operations were conducted in a 40- year old larch (Larix leptolepis) stand, including chainsaw felling and processing at the stump, followed by yarding tree-length logs using a Koller K301-4 tower yarder. The logs were further processed and sorted into 1.8 m and 3.6 m log piles at the landing. We used a standard time study method to evaluate key variables that affect the productivity of thinning operations. The total stump-to-pile operational cost was 41,707 won/m3. The highest cost activity was the yarding phase which cost 20,083 won/m3 (48.2% of the total cost), followed by the costs of processing tree-length materials into marketable log lengths (12,143 won/m3; 29.1%), and then by the costs of sorting/piling the processed logs (5,039 won/m3; 12.1%). It was interesting to see that felling and processing trees at the stump had low costs at 1,315 won/m3 (3.2%) and 3,127 won/m3 (7.5%), respectively. We used the detailed time study data to develop regression equations which were to predict yarding productivity. Our analysis showed that harvesting system cost was highly sensitive to the number of logs, yarding distance and lateral distance per turn, respectively.

In this work, the effect of the number of stages on the productivity of a multi-effect active solar still was experimentally investigated for the first time. Moreover, system performances in continuous and non-continuous modes were compared. For this purpose, indoor experiments were conducted on 4 similar solar still devices with different stages (1–4 stages) in order to accurately control the environmental conditions. In addition, water production was hourly measured during the whole 24-h experiment. The results show that with increased number of stages, distillate production can be predicted with a quadratic function. Moreover, adding a maximum of 6 and 10 additional stages can significantly increase production in continuous and non-continuous modes, respectively. It was also concluded that with more stages, the production enhancement is more in the continuous mode compared to the non-continuous mode, in a way that there is no significant difference between the performance of the single-stage device in continuous and non-continuous modes.

The study was dedicated to the analysis of the current state of the problem of studying the hemodynamic performance of the arteries supplying the brain. The comparative results of the study of the arteries by various research methods in a wide age range. It has been established that during the period from early childhood to adolescence and from the first mature to old age there is an increase in the diameter of the internal carotid arteries. The phases of increased vascular resistance by the first period of childhood, adolescence and old age are observed. Volumetric flow rate has relatively stable parameters till adolescence, and then it declines by old age. The average linear velocity, shear stress, and the Reynolds number diminish progressively twice with age. Laminar blood flow with local twists in the early stages of postnatal ontogenesis is characteristic of internal carotid arteries. The diameter of internal carotid arteries, vascular resistance index, and blood flow velocity are higher in males than in females during most age periods. Shear stress in both internal carotid arteries during the age periods studied is symmetrical and has no sex differences. | Данный обзор посвящен анализу современного состояния проблемы изучения гемодинамических характеристик артерий, кровоснабжающих головной мозг. Приведены сравнительные результаты исследования артерий различными методами исследования в широком возрастном диапазоне. Установлено, что в периоде от раннего детства до подросткового возраста и от первого зрелого до пожилого возраста происходит увеличение диаметра внутренних сонных артерий. Наблюдаются фазы повышения сосудистого сопротивления к периоду первого детства, подростковому и пожилому возрасту. Объемная скорость кровотока имеет относительно стабильные параметры до юношеского периода, затем снижается к пожилому возрасту. Средняя линейная скорость, напряжение сдвига и число Рейнольдса с возрастом прогрессивно снижаются в два раза. Для внутренних сонных артерий характерен ламинарный поток крови с локальными завихрениями на начальных этапах постнатального онтогенеза. Величина диаметра внутренних сонных артерий, индекса сосудистого сопротивления, объемной скорости кровотока в большинстве возрастных периодов у лиц мужского пола выше, чем у лиц женского пола. Напряжение сдвига в обеих внутренних сонных артериях во всех изученных возрастных периодах симметричны и не имеют половых различий.

Preferential flow and transport in structured soils can be intimately linked to numerous environmental problems. Surface-applied chemicals are susceptible to rapid transport to deeper depths in structural soil pores, thereby potentially contaminating valuable environmental resources and posing risks to public health. This study focused on establishing links between the structural pore space and preferential transport using a combination of standard physical measurement methods for air and water permeabilities, breakthrough experiments, and X-ray computed tomography (CT) on large soil columns. Substantial structural heterogeneity that resulted in significant variations in flow and tracer transport was observed, despite the textural similarity of the investigated samples. Quantification of macropore characteristics with X-ray CT was useful but not sufficient to explain the variability in air permeability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and solute transport. This was due to the limited CT scan resolution and large structural variability below this resolution. However, CT ₘₐₜᵣᵢₓ, a new parameter derived from the CT number of the matrix excluding stones and large mostly air-filled macropores, was found to be useful for determining the magnitude of preferential flow under boundary conditions of constant, near-saturated flow.