This study examined the microbiological parameters of raw milk according to milking systems. The raw material milk was collected from 10 holdings with different forms of ownership, with different technical equipment and different milking systems. The microbiological parameters of milk from the period April 2021-March 2022 were analyzed, respectively the determination of NTG/ml in milk at 30°C and NCS by the electronic fluoro-opto method. According to EC Regulation 853/2004 for raw milk NTG at 30°C (per ml) ≤ 100,000, it follows that of the 10 holdings included in the research, 14 values of the geometric mean over a period of two months do not fall within the limit allowed according to the CE standard, and for NCS (per ml) ≤ 400,000, it follows that out of the 10 holdings included in the research, 7 values of the geometric mean for a period of three months do not fall within the limit allowed according to the CE standard.

The article considers a mathematical model of the hydrolithospheric process taking into account the skin effect. A methodology for using the results of groundwater inflow testing to determine the parameters of approximating models that take into account skin effects is presented. In addition, the problems of modeling hydrodynamic processes taking into account random factors are considered. A statistical analysis of well monitoring data was carried out and an algorithm for studying processes was developed. Using the obtained approximating models, a procedure for solving the problem of selecting the optimal number of production wells has been developed. Based on the results of the groundwater inflow testing, the prospects for the development and use of new aquifers can be determined.

This study delves into the exploration of the fatigue performance of a structure that has been spot-welded and is being loaded with torsional fatigue. The extended finite element method (XFEM) was applied to simulate the intricate interaction of spot welds in response to cyclic loading. The developed model was validated through experiments. The influences of different parameters, such as the number of spot welds used to join the adherends, the diameters of the spot welds, and the load ratio applied, on the fatigue performance of the box were investigated. The first two parameters studied had a significant influence on the extent of the fatigue failure-affected spot welds, where the crack propagation rate can be decreased by more than 700%.

The most important requirement to be met by promising varieties is adaptability, i. e., the ability to resist environmental factors that reduce productivity and product quality. To create such varieties, a constant search for sources and donors of consistently manifested economically valuable traits is required. For this purpose, agroecological adaptedness and its components were assessed for 42 fiber flax specimens with respect to the most important features, namely the yield of flax fiber and its number. Significant differences (P0.05) between the specimens concerning these characteristics were established. The average fiber yield in the study was 87.9 g/m2. In 23 specimens, the yield exceeded the average value. The maximum fiber yield was recorded for the Russian specimens ‘Tonus’ (130.6 g/m2) and ‘Nord’ (128.3 g/m2). These specimens had the highest long fiber yield (42.7 and 40.4 g/m2), respectively.The average number of the scutched long fiber in the study was 10.1. This value exceeded the average one in 24 specimens. The Belarusian varieties ‘Alej’ and ‘Mogilyovskij’ had the maximum number of the scutched long fiber for three years (11.3), and also maximum indices (1.2) concerning the number of the scutched long fiber.A high degree of responsiveness to improved environmental conditions (Ri) expressed as an increase in the long fiber yield was demonstrated by the varieties ‘Alej’, ‘Tonus’, ‘Surskij’, ‘Cezar’ (Ri = 39.4%, 35.4%, 32.9%, 32.2% respectively), and that expressed in the number of the long scutched fiber was displayed by specimens ‘Sal'do’ × ‘Rodnik’ (Ri=19.8%), ‘Surskij’, ‘Venus’, VIR-14, and VIR-12, (Ri=16.5%).The specimens Vera (Di= –7.14%), Batist (Di= –7.69%), and VIR-15 (Di= –10.64%) were characterized by low responsiveness to unfavorable factors in respect of the long fiber yield. Such conditions did not cause a decrease in the number of the long scutched fiber in the specimens ‘Dobrynya’, ‘Diplomat’, ‘Polisky 4’, VIR-13, ‘L'vovskіj 8’, ‘Esman’, and ‘Miander’ (Di,%=0.0). The specimens ‘Tonus’ (Di= –44.3%), ‘Cezar’ (Di= –43.8%), ‘Lino de fibra’ (Di= –42.1%), China 1 TMR1919 (Di= –41.8%), Gorizont (Di=–40,9%) were highly responsive to stress factors in terms of fiber yield. A sharp decrease in the number of the long scutched fiber under unfavorable factors was observed for specimens ‘Kaliakra’, VIR-17, ‘Venus’, and ‘Sursky’ (Di= –27,7%).Thirteen specimens received high ratings of agroecological adaptedness in terms of the yield of fibre and its number. The Belarusian variety ‘Alej’, Lithuanian specimens B-192, B-168 and the Russian ‘Dobrynya’ were included in the first group with a high degree of agroecological adaptedness with respect to the studied characteristics.

To understand the cause for the increasing water absorption rate of wheat shorts after cold plasma treatment, a dynamic moisture adsorption instrument was used to measure the moisture sorption isotherms of samples treated with 120 W low-pressure strong radio frequency helium or oxygen CP for different times. The result was that the Caurie equation can fit an isotherm, and its coefficient C0 gived the density of water adsorbed by the sample. For adsorbed or desorbed samples, as the helium or oxygen CP treatment time at the same power increased, there was no difference in the density of adsorbed water, and the coefficient M0 gived the adsorbed water content of the monomolecular layer of the sample. For adsorbed or desorbed samples, as the helium CP treatment time at the same power increased, the water content of the monomolecular layer increased significantly. For samples treated with oxygen plasma, the content of the adsorbed monomolecular layer water first decreased and then increased as the treatment time increased, while the desorbed single-molecule water content showed a decreasing trend with the increased time. In order to improve the fitting of the Caurie equation, M0 was corrected to A+Bt (t was the temperature, A and B were constants). Analysis of the coefficients of the modified Caurie equation showed that as the 120 W helium CP treatment time (0~180 s) increased, the monomolecular layer of water, the number of adsorbed water molecule layers, the bound water content, and the water adsorption surface area all showed a continuous increase trend. For oxygen CP, these indicators showed an increasing trend in the first 60 s of processing, and then showed a decreasing trend if the processing time was extended. The results showed that compared with oxygen-cold plasma, high-energy helium-cold plasma improved the hydrophilicity of wheat shorts proteins and polysaccharides. As the treatment time increased, the surface area and number of layers of water adsorbed by these macromolecules and the monomolecular layer, and the bound water content steadily continued to increase.

Background: The worldwide issue of stunting, which is prevalent up to 20.5%, can have an impact on future productivity and health Objectives: to determine the risk factors and prevalence of stunting in children aged 0-23 months in Palu City, Indonesia. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional analytical design in eight sub-districts of Palu City (January-June 2024), involving 516 pairs of mothers and children aged 0-23 months. Data were collected by 20 enumerators under the supervision of the Health Office, through interviews related to breastfeeding, complementary feeding, infection history, and other variables as well as anthropometric measurements using length Board Measuring calibrated tools. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis, chi-square test bivariate, and logistic regression. Data collection is carried out through the Cobocollect platform. Results: Logistic regression analysis shows several important findings. Children of mothers with low education (OR=1.9), male children (OR=2.2), low birth weight (OR=3.1), and families with more than 3 children (OR=2.1) have a higher risk of stunting. Of the 516 children, 20.5% experienced stunting. These findings highlight the importance of maternal education, gender, birth weight, and number of children as risk factors for stunting, as well as their implications for health policies. Conclusions: Factors such as low birth weight, male sex, the number of children over three, and mothers' education of less than 9 years significantly increased the risk of stunting in children. Targeted nutrition interventions for mothers with low education and families with many children are essential to reduce the prevalence of stunting in Palu City.

Deniz yolu ile yapılan taşımacılığın artması sonucu, gemilerin oluşturduğu deniz kirliliği problemi, son yıllarda oldukça önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, gemi sintine sularının deniz kirliliği yönünden değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Mersin Taşucu Limanı’nda bulunan iki farklı gemiye ait sintine suyu örnekleri alınarak pH, renk, toplam azot, toplam fosfor, askıda katı madde (AKM), hidrokarbon yağ indeksi (HYİ), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ), biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ), yüzey aktif madde analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği’nde belirtilen değerler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Gemi 1 ve Gemi 2 ‘den alınan Sintine suyu örneklerinin analiz değerleri sırasıyla AKM 472 mg/L-1812 mg/L; HYİ 110,6-138,8 mg/L; KOİ 8870,4-17369,6 mg/L; BOİ 1606,4 -3881,1 mg/L olarak belirlenmiştir. Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği’nin derin deşarj sınır değerlerine göre AKM 350 mg/L, yağ-gres 15 mg/L, KOİ 400 mg/L ve BOİ 250 mg/L’dir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen değerlerin, istenilen sınırlardan fazla olduğu ve sintine suların doğrudan denize boşaltılmaması gerektiği belirlenmiştir. | The problem of marine pollution caused by ships has become very important in recent years as a result of the increase in maritime transportation. This study aimed to evaluate ship bilge water in terms of marine pollution. Bilge water samples of two different ships in Mersin Taşucu Port were taken to determine pH, color, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, suspended solids (SS), hydrocarbon oil index (HOI), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), surfactant analyzes were performed. The results obtained were compared with the values specified in the Water Pollution Control Regulation. Analysis values of bilge water samples taken from Ship 1 and Ship 2 are respectively SS 472 mg/L-812 mg/L; HOI 110.6-138.8 mg/L; COD 8870.4-17369.6 mg/L; BOD 1606.4 to 3881.1 mg/L were determined. According to the Table given by the Water Pollution Control Regulation for deep discharge, the limits are SS 350 mg/L, oil-grease 15 mg/L, COD 400 mg/L and BOD 250 mg/L. It was determined that the values obtained in this study were higher than the desired limits and bilge water should not be discharged directly into the sea.

The concentrations and distributions of trace metals in surface sediment, water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in coastal area of Mersin Bay were studied to determined the anthropogenic inputs from surrounding activities. Elevated zinc levels (275 ppm) represent the trace metal with the highest concentration, as measured in suspended particulate matter samples collected from the Kazanlı and Karaduvar areas. The high concentrations are associated with terrestrial inputs from the anthropogenic (domestic +industrial) sources. An important observation is that increasing concentrations are found in dissolved phase, sediment and particulate phase, respectively. But this is not the case for Cr which is higher in sediment. This is related to intense activity of chromium processing plant working for many years. Moreover, Cd and Cr concentrations in surface sediments are above the shale average. Heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments are Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd, respectively. The elevated copper level relative to cadmium in surface sediments is likely attributable to the higher stability of surface complexes with clay minerals, which constitute the primary components of the sediments. Adsorption of zinc to iron and manganese oxide compounds in the sediment is a possible explanation for the high amounts of zinc that were found in the sediments. The estimated index values (enrichment factor, geoacumulation index and pollution load index) indicated widespread contamination of Cr and Cd in Mersin Bay. The origins of these trace metals in the sediments were caused by human activity, and the region was categorized as a moderately severely polluted area. | The concentrations and distributions of trace metals in surface sediment, water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in coastal area of Mersin Bay were studied to determined the anthropogenic inputs from surrounding activities. Elevated zinc levels (275 ppm) represent the trace metal with the highest concentration, as measured in suspended particulate matter samples collected from the Kazanlı and Karaduvar areas. The high concentrations are associated with terrestrial inputs from the anthropogenic (domestic +industrial) sources. An important observation is that increasing concentrations are found in dissolved phase, sediment and particulate phase, respectively. But this is not the case for Cr which is higher in sediment. This is related to intense activity of chromium processing plant working for many years. Moreover, Cd and Cr concentrations in surface sediments are above the shale average. Heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments are Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd, respectively. The elevated copper level relative to cadmium in surface sediments is likely attributable to the higher stability of surface complexes with clay minerals, which constitute the primary components of the sediments. Adsorption of zinc to iron and manganese oxide compounds in the sediment is a possible explanation for the high amounts of zinc that were found in the sediments. The estimated index values (enrichment factor, geoacumulation index and pollution load index) indicated widespread contamination of Cr and Cd in Mersin Bay. The origins of these trace metals in the sediments were caused by human activity, and the region was categorized as a moderately severely polluted area.

In this study, the larval development of Cyrtocara moorii was examined morphologically and compared with other Cichlidae species. The important morphological changes and critical developmental stages that C. moorii larvae undergo were determined during the process from hatching up to 20 days. It was observed that the larvae had a large yolk sac, transparent bodies, and undeveloped fins in the first days. Important developmental events such as eye development, mouth opening, onset of free swimming behavior, fin formation, and increased pigmentation were recorded. It was determined that the larvae started free swimming between 6-9 days, the yolk sac was completely depleted on the 10th day, and the larval development was completed, reaching the juvenile form on the 15-20th days. When the larval development of C. moorii was compared with other Cichlidae species, species-specific differences were observed as well as some similarities. It is thought that these differences may be related to the ecological adaptations, reproductive strategies, and evolutionary history of the species. It is suggested that future research should comparatively examine the larval development processes of more Cichlidae species and elucidate the mechanisms underlying this diversity. | Bu çalışmada, Cyrtocara moorii'nin larval gelişimi morfolojik açıdan incelenmiş ve diğer Cichlidae türleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Yumurtadan çıkıştan itibaren 20 güne kadar olan süreçte, C. moorii larvalarının geçirdiği önemli morfolojik değişimler ve kritik gelişim aşamaları belirlenmiştir. Larvaların ilk günlerde büyük bir besin kesesine sahip olduğu, vücutlarının şeffaf olduğu ve yüzgeçlerin gelişmemiş olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Gözlerin gelişimi, ağzın açılması, serbest yüzme davranışının başlaması, yüzgeçlerin oluşumu ve pigmentasyonun artması gibi önemli gelişim olayları kaydedilmiştir. Larvaların 6-9. günler arasında serbest yüzmeye başladığı, 10. günde besin kesesinin tamamen tükendiği ve 15-20. günlerde larval gelişimin tamamlanarak jüvenil forma ulaşıldığı belirlenmiştir. C. moorii'nin larval gelişimi, diğer Cichlidae türleriyle karşılaştırıldığında, bazı benzerliklerin yanı sıra türe özgü farklılıklar da gözlemlenmiştir. Bu farklılıkların, türlerin ekolojik adaptasyonları, üreme stratejileri ve evrimsel geçmişleriyle ilişkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Gelecekteki araştırmaların, daha fazla Cichlidae türünün larval gelişim süreçlerini karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemesi ve bu çeşitliliğin altında yatan mekanizmaları aydınlatması önerilmektedir.

A variety of seaweed post-harvest techniques have been developed using the same method of washing the seaweed with marine and drying it under the sun; however, a method of washing the seaweed with freshwater has yet to be developed. This study investigates the effect of freshwater and marine water as soaking solutions on the moisture content, carrageenan yield, and rheological properties of macroalga K. alvarezii. The seaweed was immersed in freshwater and marine water for 10 minutes with triplicates before being dried in a solar dryer for seven days. Extraction of seaweed was done after drying. Results revealed that the dried K. alvarezii soaked in freshwater had significantly lower (p≤0.05) moisture content than K. alvarezii soaked in marine water. Additionally, the carrageenan yield of K. alvarezii significantly increased (p≤0.05) by 14.48% when soaked in freshwater compared to the yield in marine water. Considering the rheological properties of the seaweed, the gelling temperature and melting temperature of K. alvarezii soaked in freshwater did not differ significantly (p≥0.05) from those of K. alvarezii soaked in marine water. However, other rheological properties such as the syneresis, viscosity, and gel strength of K. alvarezii greatly improved (p≤0.05) when they were soaked in freshwater with significant increases of 2.21%, 1.84 cPs, and 13.22 g cm-2, respectively. Thus, this study indicates that macroalga K. alvarezii immersed in freshwater showed substantial improvements in their carrageenan quality.