The study aimed to identify an evaluation of pre-service training on the performance of agriculture Faculty students, Mansoura University in the transfer of extension knowledge to their peers in public health field. The data were collected from 504 students representing an accident sample from the second and third levels of the Faculty for determination of the training needs in public health field during the period from October to November 2016 by personal interview. A purposive sample of 12 students was chosen and trained to transfer extension knowledge, the highest needed field, to their peers during the period from September to December 2017.  Arithmetic mean, (t) test paired and (t) test for independent samples were used as statistical tools for analyzing data and deducing results. 1- The highest needed training field from the studied public health fields was smoking and addiction (52.58%). 2- The trained students who evaluated the training session exhibited a high level of satisfaction (87.7%). 3-  There were significant differences (P < 0.01) between the knowledge degree  means of the students before and after the training program implementation related to knowledge transfer in the smoking and addiction field. 4- There were significant differences (P < 0.01 ( between the knowledge degree means of the two groups which received knowledge from the trained specialist and non-specialist students before and after knowledge transfer process in the smoking and addiction field. 5- There were insignificant differences between the knowledge degree means of the two groups which received knowledge from the non-trained specialist and nonspecialist students before and after knowledge transfer process in the smoking and addiction field. 6- There were significant differences in the knowledge degree means between the two specialist groups which methodologically and non-methodologically received knowledge in the smoking and addiction field.  There were significant differences in the knowledge degree means between the two nonspecialist groups which methodologically and nonmethodologically received knowledge in the smoking and addiction field.

A considerable rhizopheric bacteria and mycorrhizae collectively known as plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) have ability to induce acquire resistance in plant against pathogens and to provide benefits to their hosts. Grapevine viruses cause reducing yield and shortening the life span of infected plants in the vineyard. The current study aims to improve quality of Grape fan leaf virus (GFLV) infected grape plants via the soil inoculation with PGPM. Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse during two seasons 2014/15 and 2015/16 in a Virology Greenhouse, Microbial. Dep. Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. Cairo, Egypt. Grape cv. Flam grafted with GFLV infected stick and cultivated in inoculated soil with rhizopheric PGPB and mycorrhiza (VAM). GFLV was detected in infected leaves by DAS-ELISA. Plant growth parameters and chemical immune acquired resistance were assessment in GFLV infected grape cv. flam. The results were clearly indicated that PGPM inoculation in soil improved of plant growth in the second season (2015/16) compared with first season (2014/2015(. PGPM (Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Serratia sp. isolates and VAM) improved quality of GFLV infected grape plants via increased plant growth parameters (leave number, stem diameter, plant length, and phosphorus and potassium components in leaves). PGPM induced acquire resistance in plant against GFLV; it was found that, significant increase of proline and SA contents in GFLV infected grape  leaves compared as healthy ones. The results revealed that chlorophyll a; b and carotenoids were significant decreased while inoculated PGPM in soil showed significant increase compared with healthy control ones. Expressed proteins and resistance enzymes (POD and PPO) of antiviral proteins were significant increase in PGPM application of GFLV infected grape growth related no inoculated PGPM ones. So that the current study recommended that the combination among VAM and PGPB soil inoculation improved quality of GFLV infected grape plant under greenhouse conditions.

The pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms affect human health directly or indirectly and become increasingly important in most countries. Novel antimicrobial agents and disinfectants have become necessary due to the rise of antibiotic resistance phenomena. The current study investigate the inhibitory infect of ANOSAN on pathogenic bacteria and toxigenic fungi. Chemical analysis was performed for ANOSAN. The antimicrobial activity of ANOSAN was carried out using agar well diffusion assay and mean growth inhibition percentage and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The antibiofilm activity was conducted using Biofilm formation assay and the impact of the disinfectant on the preformed biofilm was visualized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of ANOSAN comprised very low amount of Sodium (0.034%), Chloride (0.01%), Hypochlorite (0.014%) and Organic matter (0.0062%). ANOSAN low concentration showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. The MIC (0.781 mg/ml) was observed for Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of ANOSAN have successfully inhibited biofilm formation of the above mentioned bacterial patho gens. The ANOSAN appeared to be effective as bactericidal against Ps. aeruginosa and Staph. aureus. The time kill assay was observed between (0-6h) and between (0-3h) of exposure for both pathogens, respectively, and the viable bacterial counts remained undetectable after the previous time in a confirmatory experiment. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was conducted to confirm the antimicrobial activity of ANOSAN against Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa. These data directly illustrate the destructive effects of the ANOSAN on the pathogenic bacteria. This work clarified that ANOSAN water had bactericidal and fungicidal activity along with inhibiting the ability of pathogenic bacteria to form biofilms, thus providing a good alternative to the use of traditional antimicrobials in food industry, pharmaceutical and medical applications.

Silicon (Si) is an element, not essential, but is beneficial for some plants. The Freundlich model was used to describe Si adsorption on soil samples incubated with different Si and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Soil incubated samples were: T1 soil had no Si or P (control); T2, T3 and T4 soils contained 50, 100, and 200 mg Si L-1, respectively. T5 and T6  soils contained 50 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1 along with T7 and T8 soil  contained 100 mg Si L-1 in combined with either  7  or 10 mg P L-1. In final, T9 and T10 soil contained 200 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1. A series of adsorption experiments were performed using sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (Na2O3Si.5H2O) solution prepared to have concentrations representing 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 mg Si L-1. The supernatant of Si concentration was determined. The amount of element adsorbed was calculated as the difference between applied element concentrations and that remaining in solution after equilibration. Adsorption isotherms were determined at room temperature (25 oC±1).   Results revealed that a positive trend was generally found; increases in amount of adsorption onto soil with increasing Si concentration and equilibrium concentration in concerned solution either applied separately or applied + initial available Si concentration in soil. The Freundlich equation provides a good fit to the sorption data for all incubated soil samples and R2 values were ranged from  0.82 to 0.97. Present study indicated that adsorption capacity value (Kf) decreased from T1 to T3 soil samples then increased at T4 sample, and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) values.   Moreover, adsorption of Si onto soil incubated with different Si concentrations in combined with P2 decreased as compared to P1. Opposite trend was obtained with equilibrium Si concentration in concerned solution. Also, present study showed that the higher values of Kf obtained in P1 soils (T5, T7 and T9), compared to Kf values of P2 soils (T6, T8 and T10), and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) in both P1 and P2 soils. Finally, large Si sorption capacity and low Si affinity for the surface sites were observed in soil incubated with high Si concentration compared to soil incubated with low ones.

iesel engine, but most of it is operating manually, maintenance and repair centers mostly have used the manually device which depended on the hand of operator to operate it therefore there are inaccuracies in tests. The injector tester device was modified from manual operation to mechanical operation to achieve the uniformity of the injection pressure during the injector test, install of reading, save time and accuracy of testing. Injector tester before the modification was consisted of small fuel tank, pump, pressure gauge, handle pumping and connecting tube. The injector tester device after the modification was consisted of main frame, fuel tank, injection unit, power transmission and measuring table.  From the experiments the fuel consumption was increased with injector tester device before modification than device after modification that with three different injectors due to the regularity of the motion in the mechanical device, but the manual device that is dependent on operator and the irregularity of motion which cause irregularity of pressure. Also, the fuel consumption was decreased with injectors' faults. This is indicating of accuracy reading pressure with the modified devices compared with the device before modified. The results indicated for the important factors which effect on the regularity of injection pressure during the injector testing. The injection pressure for modifying tester device was 175 bar and fuel consumption was 0.73 L/h. The injection pressure  and fuel consumption for tester device before modification were 210 bar and 4.73 L/h respectively. The rate of reducing can be concluded by using the modified tester device for the injection pressure was 1:0.83 and for fuel consumption was 1:0.155 as compared with the manual tester.

This research aims to study the costs of rice multiplication in order to identify the various factors that led to the high costs of beating rice in recent years. The research relied mainly on primary data from the sample of the study collected through field visits and interviews to obtain the sample data Was selected, and a random sample was selected at the level of the provinces and then at the level of centers and then at the level of villages and the number of speculators in the sample of 25 peddles  distributed in the following areas three rackets in the center of Klin, Sheikh and eight rackets power center in Kafr El-Sheikh4  The problem is that there is an increase in the costs of the process of beating rice, which indicates the importance of studying the components of these costs in terms of different items and factors affecting them and the most important problems facing the industry and how to overcome them and thus Access to weaknesses and inefficiencies to raise the efficiency of this industry and propose the most appropriate solutions to improve the efficiency of this industry to achieve the lowest costs4

Biological experiments were carried out at Agronomy Seed Lab., Agronomy Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University and Ain Shams Center For Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ACGEB, Genetic Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University during 2016/2017 season. Priming and its duration were investigated whereas different types of priming (hydro-priming, osmopriming and salt-priming) and different periods of each type (short- medium and long periods) were stuied. Newly harvested soybean seeds cultivar (Giza 111) were submitted from Field Crop Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC). It was found that type of priming enhanced germination percentage significantly from low performance of 40% to 51%, 68% and 75.5% for hydration, osmopriming and salt priming respectively. Extending exposing period to the longest period gave significantly maximum increment in seed germination. Maximum germination enhancement was achieved when calcium chloride solution was used for the longest period (48 hrs.) giving value of 96.0%. Such increment reached 140% as compared with control.  It was noticeable that increasing soaking period to the longest period examined in this investigation accelerated the rate of germination to a maximum level. Salt priming produced longest soybean seedling shoot when compared with control. Overall, for most results obtained in this trial,   seed primed with CaCl2 showed better perfor mance than those primed with water or PEG solution.  Seedling dry weight revealed a significant effect in a similar manner of seedling length. The longest exposing priming period showed a significant effect on seedling dry weight. Soybeans seeds proteins exposed to priming for all three periods used in this investigation varied from control, whereas number of protein bands on SDS gel increased from 10 bands separated on control pattern to 13, 11 and 12 for hydration treatment at periods of 6, 12 and 24 hrs., respectively. Also number of mono poly-uni. and unique bands varied as well as its intensive dye which reflect that amount of protein formed varied between treatments.  Considering exposing seeds to salt solution of CaCl2 for longest period (48 hrs.) less bands of separated protein were formed on SDS gel. Biological seed quality was assessed by extracting proteins on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas, all priming treatment at application periods caused on increasing in peroxidase activity compared to control (untreated seeds).  It was remarkably that the longest period of expose showed the highest peroxidase activity when compare to control and also for the short and medium exposing periods (6 and 12 hrs.). Also it was noticed that there were a unique diffuse band at the end of the lane, these bands were less intensive in staining color, meaning that their activities is less than those extracted from hydro-primed seeds for short and medium periods (6 and 12 hrs. respectively).  Seed esterase activity bands had two prolonged regions, these bands appeared as a diffuse bands. Esterase activity bands of PAGE gel showed less activity as subjected to all priming types at any period used in this investigation (long, medium and short) when compared to untreated seed (control). It was clear that increasing period of exposing seeds to priming reduced esterase activity since the intensive band diminished in their intensive color.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the genetic differences in immunological response by use the natural growth promoters in diets offered to local chicken strains (GoldenMontazah (GM) and Bandra (B)). The present study was carried out in Seds Poultry Breeding Research Station, Animal Production Research Institute, Banysweif Governorate, through August to January (2016). A total of 240 chicks (120 hens of each strain) were used from 16 to 40 weeks of age. Birds were randomly distributed into six treatments. Each treatment had 20 (female) chicks (20X 6X 2) that were individually caged. The first treatment of each strain served as a control group and fed the formulated basal diet without any tested feed additives. The second treatment fed the basal diet with BioPlus® 2B, (400gm/ton) a commercial probiotic preparation (pro. (Bio)). The third treatment hens were fed the same basal diet with the addition of TechnoMos® (500gm/ton) a prebiotic type (pre. (Tech)).The fourth treatment fed the basal diet with Diamond V®(2.5kg/ton) a commercial prebiotic produced (pre. (Dia)). The fifth treatment fed the basal diet with FORMI® NDF (2kg/ton) (organic acid (FORMI)). The sixth treatment fed the basal diet with combination of (BioPlus® 2B, (400gm/ton) + TechnoMos® (500gm/ton) + FORMI® NDF (1kg/ton)) (combination (BTF)).  Data showed that, the Heterophils/Lymphocyte ratio percentage value was significantly higher in  Golden Montaza than Bandara. The highest value was found for organic acids (FORMI) group and the lowest value was found for probiotic (Bio Plus) group.  As for the antibody titer before vaccination the highest values were found for pre (Tech) group in comparison to pre (Dia) group. And there were no significant differences between the control group and all treated groups. Also, the higher values of antibody titer against Newcastle vaccine after vaccination were found in pre (Tech.), org ((FORMI), combination (Bio, Tech and FORMI) and control groups compare to values were found in pre (Dia) and pro (Bio) groups. As for the differences titer between before and after vaccination against Newcastle disease virus, there were no significant differences.

he problem of research was the low level of the local production capacity of plant oils with the increasing of Consumption requirement so the research aimed to find a way to cover the gap of oil crops.    The main findings of the research are as  follows    - The area of oil crops decreased from about 1160 thousand feddans for the year 2001 to about 697 thousand feddans at the end of the first period by half, in addition to the continued decrease of cultivated areas of oil crops from about 718 thousand feddans in 2009 the beginning of the second period to about 470 thousand feddans in 2016 Second period of study. It was found that the area cultivated during the period (2001-2016) took a general decreasing trend and a statistical significance of about 49.33 thousand feddans annually, with a yearly average of about 5.96% of the total area of about 827 thousand feddans. - Peanuts, rice, maize and cotton are among the most important crops competing to soybeans and sunflowers in terms of the profitability of the invested Egyptian pound, which led farmers to refrain from growing soybean and sunflowers crops.  The statistical estimate of the supply response function of soybeans indicates that the most important factors affecting the cultivated area in the current year depend on the net revenue in the pre vious year. The increase of one pound increases the cultivated area of the crop in the following year by about 6 feddans in the following year. It is also shown that the cultivated area in the current year of soybean crop is directly proportional to the cultivated area of the previous year. On the other hand, area under cultivation is affected by soybean revenue in the current year, in turn, by increasing the net revenue of maize crop. The increase of one pound is due to the shortage of cultivated area of soybeans in the following year by about 4 feddans in the following year. This is consistent with the economic logic. - As for the estimation of the response function of sunflower crop, it was found that the most important factors affecting the cultivated area in the current year depend on the net revenue in the previous year, increasing it by one  Egyptian pound will increase the cultivated area of the crop in the following year by about one feddan. While the cultivated area with sunflower crop in the current year is adversely affected by the increase in the net revenue of maize and peanut. The increase of one pound is due to the shortage of cultivated area of the sunflower in the following year by about 7 feddan, 2 feddan in the following year respectively.  The correlation between the strength of imports as a dependent variable and both the local production and size of the oil gap during the period 2001-2016 shows that there is a significant inverse relationship between the strength of imports and total domestic production. This is consistent with economic logic. Size of the gap is positive and morally significant. Size of the gap is 1,000 tons, which increases the import force by about 0.24%.An Economic study of the production and imports situation for some oil crops in Egypt             Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., Special Issue, 26(2C), 2018   In the light of the obtained findings of the research, it is possible to recommend the following points: 1. Apply the contracting farming between farmers for the purchase of oily crops with the predetermined guarantee price for oil crops by the Ministry of Agriculture to cover production costs and achieve a profitable profit margin, encouraging farmers to expand the cultivation of these crops.  2. The need to increase the cultivated area of soybean and sunflowers crops in the new lands away from the competitive summer crops in the old lands. Besides intercropping these tow mentioned crops among the main crops. 3. Improve the competitiveness of soybeans and sunflowers crops with competitive crops, which can be achieved by providing producers with a high yield varieties and new hybrids.