The cats might severely affected and became carrier for Hemoplasma spp., sothe current study were aimed to investigate hemoplasmosis in cate in Basarh city,Iraq.This work was conducted via examine (20) cats of local cat breeds in Basarhcity, using their blood samples for stained smear and blood parameters.The Giemsastained blood smears revealed seven (35%) cats infected with Hemoplasmosis.However, thirteen (65%) was found negative. Diseased cats show pale and or/ictericmucos membranes, dehydration, emaciation, loos of appetite, and weakness,Moreover , a significant increase of body temperature, respiratory and heart rate wasindicated. Results was also show a significant decrease of RBC,HB and PCV ofdiseased cats which reflected Normocytic Normochromic type of anemia.Hemoplasma spp. of infected cats appears round or rod shape singular or chainedlocated on the cell membranes of the infected erythrocytes .It was concluded thatfeline mycoplasmosis lead to deleterious effects which might terminated with deathof affected cats .

The aim of study was to explore the analgesic and sedative effects of tramadoland metoclopramide co-adminstration in sheep. Injection of tramadol intramuscular at5mg/kg body weight in sheep produced deep sedation, recompense and analgesia incomparison with dose of 2.5mg/kg body weight which produced only mild sedationand failed as analgesic dose. Intramuscular injection of metoclopramide at 20mg/kgbody weight in sheep produced deep sedation, recompense and analgesia incomparisons with dose of 10 mg/kg which produced only sedation and failed asanalgesic dose. Intramuscular injection of metoclopramide at dose20mg/kg ortramadol at 5mg/kg body weight in sheep each alone were produced deep sedation,recumbence and analgesia while metoclopramide at 10mg/kg body weight or tramadola(t2.5mg/kg b. W) produced only mild sedation and each dose felid to producedanalgesia in sheep. Concomitant administration of tramadol at dose2.5mg/kg bodyweight to sheep and metoclopramide at dose 10mg/kg body weight intramuscular assedatives not analgesia dose produced a significant increase in sedation score andproduced deep sedation with recompense as well as good analgesia in comparisonwith control group and group of tramadol or metoclopramide alone.

This study aims to manufacture protein concentrates from the hydrolysates protein ofpoultry feathers and camel hair and comparing the effect of using these protein concentrates onsome productive characteristics. The studied traits included the percentage of egg production,feed consumption, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion efficiency, and total mortality. As wellas the sensory characteristics of meat (colour, tenderness, juiciness, flavour and generalacceptance). A total of 90 quail females aged 36 weeks were randomly assigned to threetreatments (3 replicates for each treatment). The birds fed the following experimental diets: Thefirst treatment (control diet containing 5% commercial protein concentrates). The secondtreatment (a diet containing hydrolysates protein manufacture from the feather of 5%). The thirdtreatment (a diet containing hydrolysates protein manufacture of camel hair by 5%). The resultsshowed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the percentage of egg production, egg mass, andfeed conversion efficiency. Except for feed consumption, weight of eggs and total mortality rate,the differences were not significant. As for the sensory qualities, the quail meat samples treatedwith the protein concentrates made of feathers and camel hair have a higher degree of flavourcompared to the control treatment. Differences did not appear in the degree of generalacceptance of the meat product of birds in various treatment. It can be concluded that theaddition of protein hydrolysates from poultry feathers and camel hair to the diets of Japanesequail by 5% improve the productive performance of this bird and most meat qualities.

The establishment of modern sheep production systems in Iraq, lead to presence of variousforms of hybridization between the native and Middle East breeds which have been utilized forgenetic improvement. This occur in consistence with the progressive destruction or deteriorationof sheep habitat. Together, these factors have accelerated the loss of genetic diversity or evenresulted in the extinction of some indigenous breeds. Therefore, it is important to developefficient strategies for surveillance, evaluation, conservation and utilization of the availablegenetic resources for this species. Seven random amplification polymorphism DNA (RAPD)marker used. The aim of this study was to assess genetic diversity for Awassi native breed inIraq. The higher polymorphism information contents at the seven markers (Seventy- three bandsobtained with 28.3% of polymorphism) indicate the retention of natural variation from sourcepopulations for the domestic breeds of different geographic regions in Iraq. Analysis of geneticdifferentiation revealed substantial divergence among these breeds as 16% diversity indicatingthat some evolutionary forces (e.g. selection and migration, uncontrolled selling across borders)had acted on these populations. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses displayed aremarkable degree of consistency between geographic origins, breeding histories and the patternof genetic differentiation.

The present study aims to compare gross anatomical, histological andhistochemical structures of the larynx, trachea and syrinx between mature(Drake) andimmature (Duckling) male duck(Anas platyrinchous ) . Twelve healthy local malesducks were divided into two groups. Six Drake at one year old and six Duckling atthree months .For anatomical study the larynx, trachea and syrinx were measured byusing vernia . For histological study specimens from larynx, trachea and syrinx werefixed in 10% formaldehyde after that the specimens embedded in paraffin. The next steptissues were sectioned using microtome and stained with routine stain and special stains.The anatomical results revealed that larynx, syrinx and trachea are identical in positionin both Drake and Duckling , but differ in size . The histological results revealed thatlarynx of both Drake and Duckling lined by keratinized pseudostratified squamousepithelial tissue that appears thicker in Drake than Duckling . Trachea of Drake andDuckling lined with ciliated pseudostratifed columnar epithelial with mucous glands ,supported by ossified cartilages in Drake and hyaline cartilage in Duckling . Syrinx ofboth Drake and Duckling lining by the ciliated pseudostratifed columnar epithelial withfew goblet cells. Beneath it the lamina properia and sub mucosa that contained in looseconnective tissue with blood vessels and amount of elastic and collagen fibers beneathit in Drake spongy bone trabeculae that contains bone lacuna fills with osteocytes ,while in Duckling hyaline cartilage . The hyaline cartilage consists of lacuna whichcontains chondrocytes.

The study aimed to determine the effects of higher levels of methioninesupplementation than the recommended NRC level in the diets on the weight andhistomorphology of the bursa of Fabricius as indicators for the immune status of broilerchickens. A total of 60, one-day-old, broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups (Control, T1,T2, and T3 groups) and accommodated in separate pens at the College of AgriculturalEngineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani. The chicks were fed on a starter diet for thefirst 11, a grower diet on days 12-25 and a finisher diet on days 26-42. The methioninesupplement MethioGrow was added daily to the drinking water of the treatment groups T1, T2, and T3 by the levels 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 ml per liter respectively for 42 days, whereas thoseof the control group were provided with additives-free drinking water. On day 42, the chickswere euthanized and the bursa of Fabricius was excised, weighed by a sensitive balance and5μm thick tissue sections were obtained, stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin stains andexamined by a light microscope to examine the histological findings. The weights’ mean ofthe bursa of Fabricius on day 42 was significantly higher in groups T2 and T3 than in thecontrol group and the microscopic examination of the bursa of Fabricius revealed slightincrease in numbers of lymphocytes in the medullary region of the lymphoid follicles inchicks of the treatment groups 1 and 2 (T1 and T2) and slight increase in lymphocytes inboth the cortical and medullary regions of the lymphoid follicles in chicks of the treatmentgroup 3 (T3) in comparison with chicks of the control group. In conclusion, the obtainedresults revealed that supplementation of higher levels of methionine in the broiler diet thanthe level recommended by the NRC has positive effects on the immune status of the broilersand they support the suggestions of previous reports that referred to the insufficiency ofmethionine requirements of broiler based on recommendations of NRC to meet the realrequirements of the commercial poultry farms.

The present study is conduct to evaluated the deleterious effects ofadministration of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) on the some oxidative stress and lipidprofile parameters of laboratory male rats (Rattus rattus), we used eighteen adult malerats randomly divided into three equal groups ( six in each). Group 1 (control) theanimals treated by given oral normal saline (0.2 ml), group 2 was treated by oraldimethylnitrosamine 30 mg/kg/day, group 3 the animals were treated by oral Nacetylcysteine 300 mg/kg/day followed by dimethylnitrosamine 30 mg/kg/day. At theend of experimental period, rats were sacrificed. Blood was collected by cardiacpuncture to investigate lipid profile and oxidative parameters including serum MDA,glutathione, catalase, and SOD. Results showed a significant reduction in SOD,Catalase, glutathione, and HDL, and a significant increase in MDA, LDL, totalcholesterol, triglyceride, after DMN treatment, while these changes were returned tonearly normal level when they combined NAC with DMN treatment for the 30 daystreatment when compared with the control group.

Chediack-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is inherited autosomal recessive disorderaffected cattle and other species of animals and caused by LYST gene mutation, andcharacterized by oculocutaneous albinism, variations of total and differentialleukocyte count , different severe infections, dysfunction of platelets and a bleedingtendency.The study included 65 Iraqi water buffaloes of different ages and of bothsexes which was divided as 25 black buffaloes served as controls, 25 buffaloes withpatches or spotted animals and 15 white water buffaloes. The most important clinicalsigned showed by the animals are, white, irregular coat, unpigmented skin, hairs,eyes, with loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness, long hair than normal with tufts,anemia, photophobia with oculocutaneous depigmentation, and dullness. Animals ofboth sexes are affected specially those under one year of age. The results indicated asignificant increases (p<0.05) of body temperatures, pulse and respiratory rate ofdiseased buffalo than in controls, However a significant decrease (P<0.05) has beenregistered in erythrocytes (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume(PCV) and main corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), with no statisticaldifferences was detected in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), whereas the meancorpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly increase (P<0.05). The results were also show lymphocytosis, eosinophelia and basophelia with Nutropenia andthrombocytopenia with prolonged bleeding time.Conclusion: It has been to ourknowledge that the current study is the first one in this area and the syndrome affectedthe Iraqi buffaloes and caused a clear clinical and hematological signs.

Ticks are harmful ectoparasite that feed on human and animal blood and causing manydiseases through the world. They infested many hosts including: mammals, reptiles and birds.Ticks are important vector and they have the ability to transmit a variety of pathogenic agent tohumans and animals. Ticks are divided into two major groups which are hard tick (Ixodidae) andsoft tick (Argasidae). Because there was no such study done on identification of tick species byPCR technique in Kurdistan and particularly in Duhok Governorate, therefore present study wasdone to identify tick species by using molecular study by using of 16S rRNA and DNAsequencing. About 1000 ticks were collected from both sheep and goat respectively (500 and500), form Duhok Governorate including: Barwaria, Zakho, Sumeil, Mangeshik, Sersin, Shekhanand Akre, Iraqi Kurdistan, between May and June 2016, between April and June 2017. Theresults of present study three genera of tick were detected in small ruminants by microscopicidentification including: Rhipicephalus spp., Hyalomma spp. and Boophilus spp. Distribution oftick among sheep and goat according to the gender, the rate of infection in female was higherthan in male in both species Ewe and Doe was 32.6% and 31.11% respectively as compared tomale in both species (Ram and Buck) was 21.15% and 15.11% respectively. The distribution of gender of tick in was higher in male ticks than female tick with ratio 2:1. Distribution ofidentified ticks in present study including (Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Boophilus)respectively, in Barwaria were (82.6%, 13.3%, and 4.1) respectively, in Zaxo were (48.3%,42.5% and 10.3%), in Sumel were (47%, 42.7% and 10.3%), in Mangeshik were (73,2%, 26.8%,and 0%), in Sersink were (61.5%, 38.5% and 0%), in Shekhan were (78.8%, 11.8% and 9.4%)and in Akre were (60%, 34% and 6%). On molecular study, 60 samples from 150 were positivewith size 460 bp after 16S rRNA amplification and have got clear bands on agarose gel 1% andelectrophoresis and 20 PCR positive products were sent to Humanizing Genomics, MacrogenCompany (Korea) using primer 16S_rRNA gene for sequencing both forward and Reverse. Sixspecies of tick under two genera were founded including: Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma wereidentified which including: Hyalomma anatolicum, H. marginatum, R. annulatus, R. sanguineusand R. turanicus. H. asiaticum asiaticum for the first time was recorded in Kurdistan, andespecially in Duhok city. Moreover, all sequences were submitted to NCBI using BankItsoftware and we obtained accession number. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 16SrRNA for both samples: 16S rRNA (MN594483) and (MN594490) were identical 100% toreference sequences respectively: (KU664367.1 and HM176656.1) and other sequences wereidentical 99% to the references sequence. In conclusion the present study is the first study foridentification of tick species among sheep and goats in Duhok Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan bysequencing analysis

This study aimed to detect Staphylococcus aureus in local fresh whole chicken andfrozen imported chicken using conventional and PCR assay by targeting specific S. aureusthermonuclease gene (nuc). A total of 200 whole chicken carcasses were examined andsamples include 100 of local chickens from the Duhok chicken abattoir and 100 of importedchicken from supermarkets in Duhok city. The samples were cultured on mannitol salt agarand the confirmation is done by colony morphology, Gram stain, biochemical test includingcatalase test and coagulase test. The results showed that 28 (28%) of 100 local chicken and80 (80%) of 100 imported frozen chicken carcasses were found to be positive with S. aureususing conventional methods. Amplification of nuc gene specific for S. aureus is used toconfirm the isolates of S. aureus. The results showed that only 18 of 22 coagulase positiveisolates from local chicken and 57 of 68 coagulase positive isolates from imported chickenwere confirmed as S. aureus. The results indicate that PCR assay seem to be more specific fordetection of S. aureus in food sample and appear to be more reliable than conventionalmethods for assessing bacteriological safety of food. These results showed high prevalence ofS. aureus in imported chicken than in local chicken meat and thus may happen as a result ofprocessing and storage conditions.