Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne disease of ruminants caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). Twenty-nine different serotypes of BTV are currently reported throughout the world. The main objective of this study is the development of a subunit vaccine model that could potentially be adapted to provide broad spectrum protection against multiple BTV serotypes, which the conventional vaccines fail to address. To this end, three different BTV proteins (conserved region of viral protein [VP]2, VP5 and NS1) were expressed and purified in an Escherichia coli expression system. The immunogenicity of these proteins was tested in murine models using the MontanideTM ISA 201 VG adjuvant. BALB/c mice were immunised thrice (with individual proteins and a mixture of three proteins) at two-week intervals and were monitored until Day 40 post-infection/vaccination. Protein-specific antibodies directed against the recombinant proteins were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutralising antibody (Nab) titres and cross-neutralisation against a range of BTV serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -4, -5, -9, -10, -12, -16, -21, -23 and -24) were determined by serum neutralisation test. The recombinant proteins elicited higher Nab titres compared with the inactivated vaccine group, except for BTV-1, where the inactivated vaccine group elicited higher Nab titres. Additive effect of the three proteins was not observed as the Nab titres generated with a combination of conserved VP2, VP5 and NS1 was similar to those of the individual protein groups. Whilst BTV-12 could only be neutralised by serum raised against the inactivated vaccine group, BTV-5 and -24 could not be neutralised by any of the groups tested. Our cumulative data suggest that the conserved regions of VP2 (cVP2), VP5 and NS1 could play an important part in the novel vaccine design against multiple BTV serotypes. Importantly, given that VP2 was already known to elicit a serotype-specific immune response against BT, we report, for the first time, that the conserved region of VP2 has the ability to induce cross-protective immune response.

This study focusing on the importance of Candida albicans growth conditions on SAP8and SAP10 genes expression, as a member of the Secreted Aspartic Proteases superfamily genesthat play a role in the pathogenicity of C. albicans and the effects of this conditions on thepathogenicity of this bacterium in albino mice.Ten pathogenic isolates of C. albicans weregrown on two different conditions using RPMI1640 medium at 37° C for mimic host conditionand on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) at 25° C as in vitro condition. Sets of primers were usedto detect SAP8 and SAP10 genes expression in each condition. Forty BALB/c albino mice wereassigned to groups and inoculated with 1 X 107 cells/mouse of C. albicans grown in the studyconditions as challenge dose. Kidneys, lungs, and liver were collected to study the pathologicalchanges. Data show overexpression of the SAP8 gene in study isolates grown in RPMI1640comparison to the SAP10 gene. Kidneys, liver, and lungs showed pathological lesions at adifferent range of severity, a significant severe lesion in the kidney in mice injected with C.albicans grown in RPMI 1640 medium, while in contrast the significant severe liver and lunglesions were observed in mice injected with C. albicans grown in SDA medium. This studypoints out that the growth condition of C. albicans plays a role in the pathogenicity of thismicroorganism and SAP8 gene related to the infection process in the host.

The design and production of innovative and safer drugs attracted to organicchemists is urgently required in order to synthesize new compounds with the potentialof biological and chemotherapeutic activities. We're reporting here, the condensationof 4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonamide (sulphanilamide drug) with 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde(vanillin), yielded derivative of Schiff base in good yield. Elementalanalysis (CHN), IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize thesynthesized compound. Using the Balb/c mouse model, the toxicity of thesynthesized compound was determined. The up and down method of Dixon wasfound to have a body weight of 1677.2 mg / kg LD50 and mild toxicity. The resultsshowed the ability of the prepared compound to improve the TWBC and DWBCvalues approach to control, giving HSV a less harmful effect than the sulfanilamidedrug.

Antibacterial drug resistance is an increasingly worldwide occurred health problempresented by bacterial-originated defectiveness to the work of a wide-range of antibacterialdrugs. Uncovering the antibacterial effects of ethanolic extract of garlic (Allium sativum) (Glc)and sumac (Rhus coriaria) (Smc) on Salmonella typhimurium isolated from chickens was themain goal of the present study.Fifty samples of intestinal contents of chickens were collectedrandomly from various farms located in Al-Diwaniyah province,All specimens inoculated intoon macconky agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar at 37c for 24-48-hr, also examined on XLD agarand Salmonella CHROME agar Allium sativum( Glc) or Rhus coriaria (Smc )extract, atdifferent concentrations, or antibacterial drugs (control), 10mcg ciprofloxacin (Cip), 30mcgamoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Amc), 10mcg neomycin (N), were employed to test theirantibacterial activities (AAs) against S. typhimurium using agar-gel diffusion tests, Theexperiment included an investigation about of one isolates from origin 6 isolates of S.typhimurium , 6 out of the 50 chicken samples (12%) were culture positive for salmonella typhimurium , Significant (p˂0.05) increases in the AAs against S. typhimurium were shown byGlc or Smc extracts when compared to those from the antibiotics. Moreover, these AA increaseswere revealed to be incremented as the concentrations of those extracts were elevated. Nosignificant (p˃0.05) differences were demonstrated between the AAs of both extracts. Inaddition, Cip, Amc, and N showed AAs against S. typhimurium; however, Cip revealed thestrongest AAs followed by Amc.

The aim of this study is to propagate the non-virulent Newcastle disease virus in thelaboratory, determination the cytopathic effects in the inoculated chicken embryos, andconfirmation of virus growth by serological and molecular techniques by performinghaemagglutination and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests,respectively. LaSota virus strain which is a live vaccine was used for this purpose. Nine-dayoldembryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with the virus and further incubated for 48hours; and the allantoic fluid was collected for further processing. Petechial haemorrhages andcongestions were observed in the inoculated embryos while in the un-inoculated eggs; theembryos were normal and did not show any lesion. Virus growth in the allantoic fluid wasconfirmed by performing haemagglutination and RT-PCR tests. These results support theisolation of other viruses in our laboratories, which will contribute to perform otherexperiments such as studying virus characteristics and observation of its pathological effects onthe embryos, preparation of viral antigens, sequencing of viral genome, and possiblydiscovering new viruses.

Histological sections of the embryos and fetuses of the Sprague Dawley rats were usedto study the ocular developmental stages. Microscopic examination indicated that the primordialtissue related to the eye is found in the head fold region as an optic pit, then form the opticvesicle. The latter is invaginated upon itself to form the optic cup. The lens vesicle, which hadseparated from the ectoderm, was distinctly visible. Hence, lens capsule and fibers were evident.The front lens of the eye is derived from the superficial ectoderm and from the cornea.The optic vesicle is destined to form the retina. The mesenchymal cells found between themargins of the cup and the lens is involved in the formation of the vitreous body. In conclusion,the organogenesis of the ocular tissues in studied rats becomes evident when the optic cup andinvaginated lens placode were begun to be formed which can bemorphologically identified on the 12th embryonic day. The current information about theembryonic and fetal development of the rat’s eye gives more concepts for subsequentmorphological and physiological works or experiments.

Camels’ milk has gained so many attentions recently because of its unique therapeuticeffects. Iraq is one of the Arab countries with a long history of camel husbandry and few studiesregarding this important products’ compositions. In this study fresh milk samples from 78apparently healthy she camels from Wasit province were collected and analyzed. According tothe results means ± Standard Deviation (SD) for Fat, Protein, and Lactose were 3.48 ± 0.95, 4.23± 1.61 and 4.3 ± 2.56 percent, respectively. In addition, values for Total solids, Solid non-fat,Salt values were 9.0 ± 1.43, 8.64 ± 1.75, and 0.73 ± 0.08 percent, respectively. And means ± SDfor Density was 1.031 ± 0.0032 g/cm3 in this study. Data analysis revealed that sampling datewas correlated with the milk’s fat, density, and pH (p<0.05). She camels’ age was correlatedwith salt values of their milk (p<0.001); while, their parity numbers correlated with the proteinand salt values of the milk (p<0.05). Our findings fell within the published literature with minorvariations; however, higher means for fat, protein and lactose were yielded compared to studiesfrom other countries. Owners should be educated that they could obtain milk with better qualityand higher quantity by improving feeding and husbandry measures.

Defects in insulin secretion by the pancreas and due to the cells may not respond properlyto insulin, hyperglycemia or diabetes will be occurred and cause to the failure in the eyes, heart,kidneys and liver function. Nowadays, researchers looking for natural adjunct treatments tocontrol diabetes. Camel milk is having anti-diabetic activity possibly because of insulin likeprotein (about 52 units/liter), that covered by fat micelles and can be an effective alternative forinsulin to treat type 1 and 2 and gestational diabetes. It is proved that camel milk is safe andeffective in improving long-term glycemic in the human patients and animal’s models. In onestudy, daily consumption of 500 mL raw camel milk for 16 week in type 1 diabetic patients(average age 20 years) decreased daily insulin dose and blood sugar. Also raw camel milk intype 1 diabetic cases for 52 week and 3 months caused to significant reduction in HbA1c, meanblood glucose and 30% reduction in required insulin dose. Type 2 diabetics cases consumed 500mL pasteurized camel milk for two months, that mean insulin concentration was significantlyincreased by the camel milk, but fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, blood pressure and insulinresistance did not influence. Therefore, according to the studies, raw camel milk in type 1diabetes patients caused to increase insulin secretion, reduce required insulin and insulinresistance. Camel milk has immune-modulatory effects on the pancreas β-cells. Camel milkinfluences insulin secretion via the proper activity of the pancreatic cells and insulin receptors.Also this special milk improves diabetes complications such as dysfunction in the kidney andliver function and diabetic wounds. In general, although according to the clinical trials, the rawcamel milk by 500 mL/day improved risk factors in diabetic patients. But it appears that morescientific studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of processing’s methods of camel milkon diabetes cases.

This study was carried out to investigate the harmful effect of water fluoridation on both(thyroid and adrenal gland) in adult male rats its weight about (400-300gm) exposed to sodiumfluoride(NaF) in the drinking water. We are used in this study (٣٠) adult male rats (albino) weredistributed randomly and divided into two equal groups (15 animals per group) . The first groupwas given normal water and considered as a control group (control group), while the second groupwere given drinking water with 100 ppm of sodium fluoride(NaF) (treated group). this study carriedout in the animal house in the college of Vet. Med.\ Tikrit University. blood was drawn through theeye pupil for periods (0,30,60 days) in order to measure the following parameters: Measurement ofGlutathione(GSH) concentration, total cholesterol and blood glucose concentration . In additiontaking tissue sections of the thyroid and adrenal glands.The results of this study showed thatexposure of animals to sodium fluoride at a concentration of 100 ppm in drinking water for (60)days cause adrenal and thyroid gland dysfunction, represented by a significant decrease in the levelof glutathione in blood serum on days 30 and 60 of the experiment and a significant increase in totalcholesterol and blood glucose concentrations.The results of the histological examination of thethyroid gland of the treated group showed hyperplasia of the epithelial cell layer lining the acini vesicles, and severe lipid changes were seen in the function of Reticularis in the histological sections of the thyroids gland of the same group animals. The results of this study confirmed theharmful effect of sodium fluoride(NaF) on thyroid and adrenal functions in addition to its effect onsome biochemical parameters that are indicative of the occurrence of harmful effects of somechemical compounds