This study was carried out to document ex-situ morphological and morphometric characteristics of the testis in the West African Dwarf (WAD) buck goat. For this aim, 24 post pubertal WAD buck testes were collected at the Ipata Abattoir in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. Gross morphologic results revealed that WAD testis was ellipsoidal in shape with 2 borders (free and attached), margins (medial and lateral) and similar surfaces (ventral and dorsal). The surfaces were covered by an outer tunica vaginalis and a deep tunica albuginea. Histomorphology showed the testis comprised mostly of rounded and some irregularly shaped seminiferous tubules (ST). Each ST was lined by a basement membrane and a layer of germinal epithelium with lumen filled with spermatozoa surrounded by an adluminal space. Gross morphometric results showed that there were no significant differences in the weight, length, width and height of the right and left testis. Also in the volumes of testes obtained by water displacement method and using the prolate ellipsoid formula. There was a strong correlation between the weights and volumes of testes obtained using these methods. There were significant differences between the volumes of testes obtained by using the prolate spheroid and Lambert formulae, when compared with those obtained by water displacement method respectively. But there was no significant difference in testicular volume obtained by the prolate ellipsoid formula and the water displacement method. Histomorphometric results revealed no significant differences in the seminiferous tubular diameter, seminiferous luminal diameter and germinal epithelia height of the right and left testes respectively. The morphological and morphometric data highlighted in this study would be useful in comparative regional anatomy and researches on the testis of these valuable breed of goats.

The possible use of three different thickness black geotextile materials (GEO-50, GEO-100 and GEO-150) , the new control methods for our country, compared with weedy check among of the rows and using herbicide (Glyphosate), mowing, black polyethylene with weedy check on the rows have been investigated for controlling of weeds which is a considerable problem of tangerine orchard. Experimental randomly plots were arranged by considering complete block design with five replications on the rows treatment. Mulch materials were applied apart for width of 160 cm on the rows. When weed coverage (%) reached 10-15%, herbicide (Glyphosate) was applied with 600 cc/da. Mowing was applied when weed lenght and coverage (%) reached 10-15 cm and 10-15, respectively. Weed coverage (%) and numbers were counted in 15 days intervals at the quadrats for all plots. The results of the studies for tangerine orange 4 years old showed that mulching with black geotextile and polyethylene were more supressed than the other control methods on the row. Average weed coverage (%) was found 56.09% in control (weedy), 24.66% in mowing, 11.05% in herbicide, 3.09% in black polyethylene, 2.78% in GEO-50, 0.87% GEO-100 and 0.76% JEO-150, respectively. As observed weed coverage (%), the similar result was found for weed number in black geotextile treatments.

The main objective of the study is to determine the structure of seed usage of the wheat farms and development of its production in Isparta and Burdur provinces. The primary data used in this study were obtained by questionnaires in the region. Data obtained from the 150 of wheat cultivation farms belongs to the 2011 production period. The most important problems faced by farms were the low product prices and high input prices. Farmers pointed out that the development of wheat production can be provided by reducing the input costs such as; fertilizer, fuel, pesticide etc. The 97.3% of the wheat growing farms in the region make the seed dressing. About 52.7% of the interviewed enterprises are storing wheat and 74.7% of the farms are aware of the wheat varieties grown. About 52% of farms were found to be the use of certified seed. Certified seed usage rate is higher in the province of Isparta (69.3%) than Burdur. There is also a statistical difference in the use of certified seeds among the provinces. In the region, it was found that farms do not have enough information about the usage of certified seed and therefore it is necessary to transfer knowledge to the grower by the extension services.

In this study, the effects of lactococcin BZ from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis BZ and enterocin KP from Enterococcus faecalis KP (1600 AU/mL) on the activities of three different yoghurt cultures (Y1 and Y2: CHR Hansen, Denmark; Y3: Sacco, Italy) were investigated. Lactic acid bacteria counts and pH values of the samples were determined during the incubation period (at 42°C for 24 h). It was found that lactococcin BZ had bactericidal effect against only one yoghurt culture whereas enterocin KP was effective against two yoghurt cultures. When lactococcin BZ and enterosin KP were used in combination (1:1), they showed bactericidal effect against two yoghurt cultures.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary addition of male and female Ferula eleaochytris powder (FEP) on growth performance and body components of broilers (Ross-308). Treatment groups were allocated to 5 dietary in which 0 (control), 5 g and 10 g male FEP, 5 g and 10 g female FEP doses per kg commercial broiler diet. In total, 80 male broiler chicks (1-d old) in which 16 animals in each group were used in study. Body weight gain and feed intake were monitored weekly for 6 weeks. Forty two days old broiler chicks were slaughtered to determine the possible changes in body components. The results of the study indicated that FEP had no effect on any parameters. However; the weight of the control group gave higher values than 5 g male Ferula group. In conclusion the measured parameters had no effect between all groups.

Parameters of health, productivity, behaviour and physiology which are used in order to determine the stress shaped by the effects of various factors in poultries can only be detected when the effects of stress emerge; in other words, when the changes are shaped. Therefore; it is important to interfere before the emergence of these indications in order to develop animal welfare by preventing stress. Information programmes, as traditional methods, and vitamin applications as well as anti-stress effects of herbal extracts have recently been studied in order to reduce the effects of stress. Moreover; such applications as crossbreeding native race, which are highly tolerated against temperature stress, with the commercial ones, usage of blue LED light, capturing exercises, enriched environment, adding roosters into the flocks of hen and finally temperature exercises in chick period are also tried as anti-stress preventions. In this paper, new approaches to the reduction of stress or stress sensitivity in poultries have been studied.

Uğut (wheatgrass marmalade / dessert) is a traditional Turkish food which is almost to be forgotten. It is produced in various regions of Turkey by boiling the mixture of wheatgrass juice, flour and water. The wheatgrass contains amino acids, protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and enzyme. It is reported that the wheatgrass has antioxidant, anticancer, anti-aging, laxative, diuretic and antibacterial effects due to its rich composition. Uğut is also a good source of carbohydrate because of its flour contents. In this article, the composition and production methods of Uğut were discussed.

This study was carried out to evaluate survival of Bifidobacterium infantis 20088 in fermented beverage formulated from selected traditional Sudanese fruits Gudaim and dom. The viable counts of the strain and physiochemical changes during refrigeration were determined. 10% beverages (w/v) were prepared from dom and gudaim powder. 2.5% (w/w) skim milk was supplemented to each formulation to provide the required nutrient for bacteria growth during the fermentation. After sterilization and cooling, the mixture was inoculated with a 10% culture of B. infants 20088 followed by incubation for 36 h at 37°C. Reconstituted skim milk was used as control. Fermented beverages were held at refrigeration (4°C) for a period of 2 weeks. During the refrigeration storage of the fermented beverages there was significant reduction in Bifidobacterium infantis of all fermented beverages. Nevertheless, the strain was maintained high; fulfill the number required to presence in probiotic foods, which was at least 6 log CFU/ml fermented product. There was no significantly difference in TSS and pH as compared to their initial at the beginning of fermentation except in pH of fermented gudaim. Therefore gudaim and dom are suitable carrier to deliver Bifidobacterium infantis 20088 to consumer.

The Ikizdere Valley is one of priority ecologic region within 200 areas where is under protection in the world. It is natural conservation area. In this study, epilithic algal diversity of Cimil Stream in the Cimil (Tiron) Valley where is one of the most important protection areas were investigated. The ecological structure of the stream is to determine by using indicator algae. According to sampling results obtained from four different stations after rainy and dry seasons (November 2010 and August 2011), total 113 taxa belongs to five different division were identified. Diatoms have the most species diversity in terms of other groups (74, 65%). This was followed by Cyanophyta (28, 25%), Charophyta (6, 5%), Chlorophyta (4, 4%) and Euglenophyta (1, 1%). Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cocconeis pediculus, C. placentula, Cymbella affinis, Gomphonema parvulum, G. truncatum, Encyonema minutum, Hannaea arcus, Navicula menisculus, N. salinarum ve Nitzschia palea are common and dominant diatom species in the Cimil Stream. Indicator species showed that the ecological situation of the Cimil Stream is not yet under intense pressure pollution. However, it is seen that the stream showed a change towards β-α-mesosaprobic conditions from oligosaprobic top to bottom. For the area's tourism potential is very high, it is recommended that the necessary measures take as to maintaining ecological structure in future.

The purpose of this study is to determine the environmental sensitivity and awareness level of the inhabitants in Konya, Sarayönü districts. In today’s world, the environment is rapidly being polluted and pollution rate is being increased by human beings. In this regards, the viewpoints of Sarayönü people on the environment and environmental elements are revealed. For this purpose, a research include variables such as gender, age, job and education level was carried out by using a questionnaire made up of 16 questions. The questionnaire was applied to 314 males and 286 females, totaling 600 participants. The research serves to raise an awareness of environment and environmental sensitivity. The findings showed that the people in Sarayönü have a high level of environmental sensitivity. Females tended to reflect a higher level of sensivitiy to the environment than males. The participants opted for air pollution as being the most important environmental element among the air, water, soil etc. pollution.