The compost product, which offers many benefits such as the evaluation of organic wastes, improvement of soil structure, neutralization of toxins and pH balance of the soil, has significant potential for the improvement of our country's lands. Considering the development of animal existence in our country, the production of compost product to be obtained from feces, which is the product of these animal beings, is an issue that needs to be emphasized. The choice of plant location, which must be determined for an investment to be made for the acquisition of this product emerges as a separate problem. For this reason, in this study, the order of optimality among the alternatives for compost plant installation is considered as a multi-criteria decision making problem. For this purpose, the criteria determined for 10 clusters with the potential of 35,829 animals that can produce compost in Samsun were weighted by the SWARA method. The optimal ranking of these 10 compost clusters was carried out using the COCOSO and WASPAS methods, by means of the criteria weights taken into consideration. According to the ranking results obtained from both methods, it was determined that the cluster number 27 was in the first rank, the cluster no 13 was in the second rank, and the cluster no 14 was in the third rank.

In the study, it was aimed to increase the vase life of Basic, Ulaş and Terra Ozan cultivars of Gerbera sp. For this purpose, microcapsules containing lavender oil (1000 and 1500 ppm) and naturally obtained walnut tea (33% and 50%) were used. Sucrose (4%) was added to all vase solutions, including the control group solutions. The experiment was set up with 3 replications (three vases) for each treatment and one flower per replication. As a result of the experiment, it was observed that both walnut tea and lavender treatments did not cause a significant change in the vase life of the Terra Ozan cultivars. In the Basic cultivar, the vase life of the flowers in the solution containing lavender oil was longer than that in the solution containing walnut tea, but both treatments did not make a significant difference compared to the control. In Ulaş, both walnut tea and lavender oil applications caused significant increases in the vase life of the flowers. The applications made in the study caused significant changes in the water intake of the flower stems. The treatments that increase the water intake also increased the vase life.

Obezite ve ilişkili hastalıklar günümüzde yetişkinler ile birlikte çocuklarda ve ergenlerde artmaktadır. Fiziksel aktivitede azalma, özellikle yağ ve şekeri yüksek miktarda içeren yüksek enerjili ürünlerin tüketimindeki artış obezitenin yaygınlaşmasına sebep olan en önemli faktörler arasındadır. Buna bağlı olarak piyasaya sunulan düşük enerjili ürünlere olan talep de giderek artmaktadır. Düşük enerjili ürün üretiminde en çok kullanılan yöntemlerden biri; şeker yerine besleyici özelliği olmayan doğal ve yapay tatlandırıcıların kullanımıdır. Dondurma, aromalı süt ve yoğurt, sütlü tatlılar gibi içerisinde önemli miktarda şeker bulunan süt ürünlerinin tüketimi tüm toplumlarda yaygındır. Bu ürünlerde bulunan şeker; lezzetin yanı sıra tekstür, renk gibi gıdanın birçok özelliğinden sorumludur. Süt ve ürünlerinin içeriğinde insan sağlığı için oldukça yararlı besin bileşenleri bulunmaktadır. Şeker yerine tatlandırıcı kullanımı; süt ve ürünlerinin tüketiminin artmasını sağlarken aynı zamanda aşırı şeker alımının da önüne geçebilmek için oldukça önemlidir. Bu derlemenin amacı dünya çapında otorite olarak kabul edilen kuruluşlar tarafından onaylı doğal ve yapay tatlandırıcıları ve bunların süt ürünlerinde kullanımlarını incelemektir.

In this study, the hypometabolism behavior, epiphragm formation process, and the mineral composition of the epiphragmal structure of the Helix pomacella, Eobania vermiculata, Helix melanostoma, and Helix asemnis land snails were investigated during the hibernation period. 100 snails selected among mature individuals, 25 from each species, were collected from nature for the research. The snails were placed in four 50x50x5 cm pans containing 20-cm-deep humus soil. Snails were fed with lettuce by free feeding until the hibernation period. Hypometabolism behavior of snails that had hibernated between November and December 2018, and January and February 2019 were examined as entering the hibernation stage, hibernation stage, and leaving the hibernation stage. The ionic concentration (Calcium, Iron, and Phosphorus) of the epiphragm layer formed during the hibernation process was analyzed, its formation duration, and its degradation at the end of the hibernation period were examined. In the study, it was determined that the weight before hibernation reduced by 18-22% in all examined species (H. pomacella, E. vermiculata, H. melanostoma, and H. asemnis). The highest values in terms of epiphragm formation duration (19±0.30 days), weight (0.41±0.26 g), and thickness (0.310±0.22 mm) were determined in H. asemnis. In terms of the ionic concentration, the highest Calcium level was determined in H. asemnis (29.96±0.12 mg/g) while the highest Phosphorus level (4.02±0.20 mg/g) was determined in E. vermiculata, and the highest Iron content was found in H. pomacella (19.50±0.33 mg/g). The degradation duration of the epiphragm layer at the end of hibernation was determined the longest in E. vermiculata (7 days) whereas the shortest in H. pomacella (3 days). As a result of the present research, it was seen that the epiphragm layer is important for snails in terms of a sustainable life cycle and that the ecological tolerances of snails depend on the epiphragmal structure.

Son yirmi yılda en çok ilgi çeken gıda üretim yöntemlerinden birisi organik gıda üretimidir. Sütün organik ya da geleneksel yöntemlerle üretilip üretilmediğinin belirlenmesi, Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi (FTIR) spektroskopisinden daha uzun zaman alan kromatografik ve titrimetrik yöntemler ile yapılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, literatürde organik ve geleneksel yöntemlerle üretilen gıdalar arasındaki kalite farklarıyla ilgili çelişkili sonuçlar bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, organik ve geleneksel yöntemle üretilen içme sütlerinin bileşimlerindeki farklılığın tespiti için FTIR spektroskopisinin kullanılabilirliğinin değerlendirilmesidir. Araştırmada materyal olarak 185 adet (98 organik, 87 organik olmayan) pastörize tam yağlı (%3) süt numunesi, Columbus’daki (Ohio, ABD) çeşitli marketlerden tedarik edilmiştir. Kızılötesi spektrumlar, Agilent Cary 630 FTIR spektrometresi ile 4 cm-1 çözünürlükte 4.000-700 cm-1 arasında kaydedilmiş olup spektrum analizi için Yumuşak Bağımsız Sınıf Analojileri Modellemesi (SIMCA) yapılmıştır. Görsel inceleme sonucunda 25±1°C’de 185 adet süt numunesinin spektrumlarının oldukça homojen olduğu tespit edilmiştir. FTIR teknolojisi ile elde edilen spektral veriler, organik ve geleneksel yöntemle üretilen içme sütlerinin bileşim özelliklerine bağlı olarak ayırt edilebileceğini göstermiştir. FTIR spektrometresi, kromatografi gibi diğer tekniklerle karşılaştırıldığında, organik pastörize inek sütündeki tağşişin ekonomik olarak belirlenmesi için basit, hızlı ve güvenli sonuçlar veren bir tekniktir.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of oak chips-supplementations on phenolic compound profiles of grape vinegar samples. Total acidity, volatile acids, non-volatile acids, pH, dry extract, ash, color, alcohol, total phenolic compound, individual phenolic compounds and aroma compounds of un supplemented control (UC) samples and oak chips-supplemented (OCS) samples were analyzed at the 0th, 1st and 3rd months of ageing. Total phenolic compound of UC vinegar samples was measured as 1256.50 mg GAE/L at the end of the 3rd month. Total phenolic compound of OCS vinegar samples was measured as 1521.03 mg GAE/L at the end of the 1st month and as 1470.67 mg GAE/L at the end of the 3rd month. Gallic acid, catechin and vanillic acid contents of UC vinegar samples were respectively measured as 8.43 mg/L, 22.26 mg/L and 1.78 mg/L at the end of the 3rd month. Gallic acid, catechin and vanillic acid contents of OCS vinegar samples were respectively measured as 19.12 mg/L, 17.98 mg/L and 2.58 mg/L at the end of the 3rd month. The 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester and 9-octadecanoic acid methyl ester quantities increased at the end of the 3rd month with oak chips-supplementation to ageing process. It was observed that oak chips-supplementation increased total phenolic compound and some individual phenolics of grape vinegar samples.

Apple cultivation has been done in very large areas around the world. According to FAO, approximately 87.2 million tons of apples were produced in the world in 2019. Turkey has covered 3.6 million tons of this production and ranked third in the world. In this study, the two major apple production areas for Turkey, Isparta and Karaman annual operating results of the province apples' farms, were evaluated. Data acquired by interviewing from 132 farms selected with the stratified random sampling method constituted the study's primary material. Classical economic analysis approaches were used in determining the annual operating results of the farms. The farms' financial and economic profitability rates were 8.82% and 7.78% in Isparta province, respectively, while 7.25% and 6.15% in Karaman province. The research results showed that apple farms did not have rational capital distribution, their agricultural incomes were low, and their income varied by province.

Tomato pomace (TP), utilized improperly is not namely causes a waste of valuable resources but also increases environmental pollution. In this study, possibilities improving nutrient composition by fermenting dry TP with Aspergillus niger was investigated for the value-added utilization of this pomace in animal feed. The TP, dried at 65°C for 8 hours with a simple layer and under a laminar airflow drying oven, was subjected to solid-state fermentation. After unfermented and fermented dry pomaces were milled in 2 mm sieve, proximate analysis and the analysis of cellulosic fractions were performed. Roughage quality indices were calculated using cellulosic fractions. Fermentation of TP with Aspergillus niger inoculant increased the amount of dry matter (82.98 vs 91.47%), crude fiber (21.71 vs 23.00%), neutral detergent fiber (29.70 vs 35.92%), acid detergent fiber (25.22 vs 26.84%), acid detergent lignin (7.91 vs 10.77%), hemicellulose (44.71 vs 90.78), crude protein (13.70 vs 21.37%), ether extract (2.82 vs 3.52%) and ash (10.57 vs 13.24%) compare to unfermented TP. Fermentation process decreased nitrogen-free extract (51.19 vs 38.86%), non-fiber carbohydrates (46.03 vs 29.47%) and quality index as relative feed value (216.9 vs 176.1) and relative forage quality (242.5 vs 195.5) and metabolizable energy (2.66 vs 2.60). Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH free radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazil) and total phenolic content of TP did not increase by fermentation. Concentration of β-carotene and lycopene of TP decreased after fermentation with A niger. The results indicate that the selected strains of A. niger can be used to enrich the chemical composition of TP, except for cellulosic fractions and also carotenoids and antioxidant activity.

Despite positive effects on nutrition, it has been reported that milk causes allergic reactions and many health problems. Allergic reaction to milk is called lactose intolerance, but it is estimated that this is not caused by lactose, but by the β -casein structure of milk, which varies depending on animal species. Although there are many fractions of β-casein in the structure of milk, especially A1 and A2 casein attract attention. A1 β -casein causes many health problems because it plays a role in the formation of the bioactive opioid peptide β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7). These health problems are allergic reactions, weakening of the immune system and slowing down of the gastro-intestinal system and some systemic diseases (cardiovascular disease, type 1 diabetes, autism, schizophrenia). The underdevelopment of gastro-intestinal system, especially in newborns, causes us to encounter these health problems more frequently. For this reason, the consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein, especially cow’s milk from culture breeds, is not recommended. Since BKM-7 (β-casomorphin-7) formed by A1 β-casein cannot occur in A2 β-casein, these health problems cannot be expected to be observed. However, A2 β-casein causes DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) enzymes to be regulated in the body and a non-opioid effect is observed. It is recommended to consume goat’s milk and dairy products containing A2 β-casein in newborns, people with celiac disease and stomach disorders. Despite the lack of studies on the subject of A1 and A2 β-casein and the ongoing discussions, in this review, the importance and differences of A1 and A2 β-caseins in cow and goat milk were discussed and their effects on human health.

The present research was carried out to determine the effects of the addition of cardamom powder at different levels (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 g/kg) to diet on performance, egg quality, and serum parameters in laying quails. In the experiment, a total of 120 laying quails at the age of 20 weeks were randomly distributed to 5 treatment groups with 6 subgroups (4 quails each). Quails were fed with experimental diets for 10 weeks. In the experiment, the feed intake of quails significantly increased with the supplementation of cardamom powder at the level of 3 g/kg to the diet, while other performance parameters were not affected. Eggshell thickness advanced with the addition of 1 g/kg cardamom powder to diet. Egg yolk L* value increased at the level of 4 g/kg, but a* value decreased with the addition of cardamom powder. Other egg quality parameters were not affected by the addition of cardamom powder to the diet. In addition, the supplementation of cardamom powder to the diet significantly reduced serum cholesterol levels of quails. According to the results obtained from the experiment, the addition of cardamom powder at the level of 3 g/kg to the diet increased the feed intake of quails, while the supplementation of 1 g/kg was effective in improving the eggshell quality and serum cholesterol level.