Fil: Lazzaroni, Sandra María Sol. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. | Se ha desarrollado un queso untable con colesterol reducido, conservando la grasa láctea. Además es vehículo de microorganismos probióticos y de nutrientes esenciales (minerales, calcio; y proteínas de alto valor biológico, seroproteínas lácteas) | Have been developed a cholesterol-reduced spread cheese, retaining milk fat. It is also vehicle of probiotic and essential nutrients (minerals such as calcium, and protein of high biological value as milk serum proteins). | Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

Linear viscoelastic tests as well as transient and steady flow experiments were carried out on lamellar liquid crystalline samples of poly (oxyethylene) alcohol/water/heptane systems. The effect of surfactant and heptane concentrations on the rheological properties of the lamellar mesophase was investigated. The mechanical spectrum inside the linear viscoelastic regime shows, in all cases, a well-developed plateau region in the whole frequency range studied. The values of the dynamic functions were higher for intermediate surfactant or heptane concentrations indicative of a major development of the elastic network in the midrange of existence of the lamellar phase. Transient and steady flow experiments point out a shear-induced evolution of the lamellar microstructure. Different power law regions with different values of the flow index were detected in the viscosity versus shear rate plots. These shear-induced structural modifications were confirmed by using polarizing microscopy in an optical shearing cell. Structural modifications appear to be highly influenced by shear rate. In general, applying relatively high constant shear rates, the alignment of the bilayers followed by the appearance of the “oily streaks” structure was observed. Appearance of shear-induced vesicles occurs at high heptane content, as indicates the texture of close-packed monodisperse spherulites detected by polarizing microscopy. | n este trabajo se han estudiado las propiedades reológicas de una fase líquido-cristalina laminar contenida en un sistema alcohol polietoxilado/agua/heptano, mediante ensayos viscoelásticos lineales, estacionarios y transitorios. El efecto de distintas variables como la composición de tensioactivo y heptano sobre dichas propiedades reológicas ha sido analizado. El espectro mecánico obtenido de la fase laminar muestra en todos los casos una región “plateau” en el intervalo de frecuencias estudiado así como mayores valores de los parámetros viscoelásticos para valores intermedios de la concentración de tensioactivo y heptano, indicativo de un mayor desarrollo del entramado elástico estructural de dicha fase líquido-cristalina. Los ensayos de flujo estacionario y transitorio pusieron de manifiesto la existencia de estructuras inducidas por cizalla. En las curvas de viscosidad se obtuvieron diferentes regiones de variación potencial de la viscosidad frente a la velocidad de cizalla y, por tanto, distintos valores de índices de flujo. Las modificaciones de la microestructura de la fase líquido-cristalina laminar causadas por la cizalla, fueron confirmadas mediante el uso de microscopía de luz polarizada en un sistema de cizalla que incorpora un microscopio óptico. Las modificaciones estructurales parecen estar muy influenciadas por la velocidad de cizalla y, generalmente, la aplicación de elevadas velocidades de cizalla provoca el alineamiento de las bicapas de tensioactivo y la aparición de la clásica textura de “oily streaks” de la mesofase laminar. La presencia de vesículas se detecta en sistemas con alto contenido en heptano, como indica la textura detectada por microscopía de luz polarizada.

Non-steady flow properties of concentrated oil in water emulsions containing oil (60-80% wt.), water and sucrose palmitate (1-5% wt.) of high hydrophilic-lypophilic balance were investigated. Stress growth, steady flow and linear viscoelastic measurements were carried out for this study. The emulsions studied exhibited a thixotropic behavior showing a very rapid stress overshoot. The stress decay was fitted to a Figoni-Shoemaker model using two exponentials. An stress undershoot was also produced under certain conditions. Shear brought about strong structural changes, such as droplet size redistribution at high oil content and temperature. Thus, the steady state viscosity does not fit an Arrhenius type equation with temperature. A shear thinning behavior was found for the steady state viscosity and the peak viscosity. | Se han estudiado emulsiones de calidad alimentaria aceite en agua estabilizadas por un palmitato de sacarosa de HLB=15. Dichas emulsiones se fabricaron a concentraciones comprendidas entre el 60 y el 80% (p/p) en peso de aceite vegetal con un 1-5% (p/p) en peso del sucroéster empleado como emulsionante. Para llevar a cabo este estudio se realizaron ensayos de crecimiento del esfuerzo, flujo estacionario y cizalla oscilatoria. Todos los sistemas estudiados presentan un comportamiento tixotrópico en flujo transitorio. Bajo determinadas condiciones, la cizalla puede hacer que el esfuerzo vuelva a aumentar con el tiempo tras haber alcanzado un valor pseudoestacionario. Este hecho se ha relacionado con una redistribución de tamaños de gota como consecuencia de la cizalla. Como resultado, la cizalla provoca una intensa destrucción estructural en los sitemas estudiados, no pudiéndose ajusfar la ecuación de Arrhenius a todo el Intervalo de temperaturas estudiado.

As proteínas do leite são largamente utilizadas nas indústrias alimentícias. Elas podem ser classificadas em relação a suas estruturas: proteínas flexíveis, para as caseínas e as proteínas globulares, para as proteínas solúveis. A superfície do pó reflete a interface ar/água das gotículas de secagem e sabe-se pouco a respeito das interações protéicas que podem se produzir na fabricação dos lácteos em pós. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de elucidar os mecanismos de formação de interfaces ar/água, entre estes dois tipos de proteínas, em função da presença e ausência de fosfolipídeos, e de se focar na ligação existente entre estas proteínas e os processos utilizados industrialmente na atomização. A utilização simultânea, de tensão interfacial, de reologia de cisalhamento interfacial e de reologia de dilatação interfacial permitiu a caracterização das propriedades interfaciais de diferentes misturas a alta concentração de proteínas, e de fosfolipídeos na interface ar/água. As soluções de caseínas e proteínas solúveis mostraram comportamentos diferentes na interface ar/água. Existe uma interação entre as moléculas de caseínas e fosfolipideos ao curso de suas adsorções na interface ar/água. No mais outro resultado interessante deste trabalho, mostra que a adição de fosfolipídeos em soluções de alta concentração de caseínas, antes do processo de atomização, não é suficiente para diminuir o tamanho das gotas formadas nos processos de atomização. | Milk proteins are widely used in food industry. They can be classified in relation to their structure: caseins are flexible proteins, while the soluble proteins are globular. The surface of the powder reflects the air / water interface of droplet drying and we know relatively little about protein interactions that may occur during the manufacture of powder. The objective of this work is to understand the mechanisms of formation of air / water interfaces, between these two different proteins, in the presence and absence of phospholipids, and to examine the link between these properties and the spray-drying processes used. The simultaneous use of surface tension, interfacial shearrheology, and interfacial expansion rheology has allowed us to characterize the interfacial properties of different solutions of high protein concentration. Caseins and soluble protein solutions show different behaviors at the air / water interface. There is an interaction between the molecules of phospholipids and caseins during their adsorption at air / water interface. In addition, another interesting result of this work shows that the addition of phospholipids in highly concentrated solutions of casein before the atomization process is not sufficient to reduce the droplet size formed during atomization. | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

This paper deals with the evolution of the rheological properties and droplet size distributions (DSD) of oil-in-water emulsions, stabilized by non-ionic surfactant, with time. The emulsification process has been followed by the evolution of the torque with the emulsification time and follows a first-order kinetic equation. From the experimental results obtained it is apparent that the rheology and DSD of the emulsions studied depends on the emulsification time and temperature of emulsification, as well as, the agitation speed. An increase in the emulsification time, at 15ºC, yields lower values of the mean droplet size and, subsequently, an increase in the linear viscoelasticity functions of the emulsions. However, above 25ºC, the emulsification process may be modified because a higher degree of coalescence may take place at long emulsification time. A «depletion-flocculation» mechanism due to the presence of surfactant, in form of micelles, in the continuous phase of the emulsions. | Se estudia la evolución de las propiedades reológicas y de la distribución de tamaños de las gotas (DTG) de emulsiones aceite vegetal en agua, estabilizadas con un tensioactivo no iónico, durante los períodos de emulsificación y de almacenamiento. La cinética del proceso de emulsificación se ha seguido a través de la variación del par de torsión con el tiempo de emulsificación, ajustándose a una ecuación de primer orden. De los resultados obtenidos puede deducirse que la evolución de las características reológicas y de DTG de las emulsiones estudiadas depende principalmente del tiempo y temperatura de emulsificación y de la velocidad de agitación. A 15ºC, un aumento del tiempo de emulsificación produce una disminución del diámetro medio de gota y, por tanto, un aumento de las funciones viscoelásticas lineales. Sin embargo, a temperaturas superiores a 25ºC el proceso es mucho más complejo, pudiendo favorecerse el proceso de coalescencia para altos tiempos de emulsificación. El envejecimiento inicial de las emulsiones estudiadas favorece un proceso de floculación «por desplazamiento», debido a la presencia de tensioactivo, en forma de micelas, en la fase continua de la emulsión.

Yogurts from goat milk were elaborated and water-soluble soybean extract (WSSE) and Bifidobacterium lactis probiotic culture added during processing. The characteristics of apparent viscosity, water retention capacity and syneresis were analyzed during 29 days of storage and it was verified the influence of WSSE and the probiotic on these rheological properties. The suplementation of WSSE provoked an increase in the viscosity and water retention capacity of the yogurts while reducing the syneresis. The inoculation of the probiotic culture during elaboration of the yogurts did not significantly alter the rheological characteristics of the products. Therefore, the water-soluble soybean extract and the probiotic culture can contribute to the rheological characteristics of yogurts, besides the nutritional and functional improvement advantages already known with the use of these products.<br>Iogurtes a base de leite de cabra foram elaborados e a eles adicionados extrato hidrossolúvel de soja (EHS) e de cultura probiótica Bifidobacterium lactis durante o processamento. As características de viscosidade aparente, capacidade de retenção de água e sinerese foram analisadas durante 29 dias de armazenamento e verificadas a influência do EHS e do probiótico nestas propriedades reológicas. A suplementação de EHS provocou aumento na viscosidade e capacidade de retenção de água dos iogurtes e, ao mesmo tempo, a sinerese foi reduzida. A inoculação da cultura probiótica durante elaboração dos iogurtes não alterou de forma significativa as características reológicas dos produtos. Portanto, a adição de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja e a cultura probiótica, pode contribuir para melhora nas características reológicas de iogurtes, além das vantagens na melhoria nutricional e funcional já conhecidas com a utilização destes produtos.

The influence of different surfactant/lupin protein ratio on the shear-flow and texture properties of oil-in-water emulsions was investigated in this work in order to find a synergistic effect between both types of emulsifiers. With this aim, texture, steady-shear flow and droplet size measurements were carried out. Different surfactants (Tween 20 and three sucrose esters) showing different phase behaviour in water solution were studied. From the experimental results it can be concluded that emulsions stabilised by mixtures of both, low- and high-molecular-weight emulsifiers, show lower values of steady-state viscosity and textural parameters than those found when lupin protein was the only emulsifier used, in spite of a higher average droplet size. The evolution of emulsion textural and flow parameters with the composition of the mixture used as emulsifier can be explained on the basis of the phase behaviour of the low-molecular-weight emulsifier, modifications on the composition at the interface and hydrophobic interactions between both type of emulsifiers. | En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado la influencia que ejerce la proporción proteína de altramuz/emulsionante de bajo peso molecular en el comportamiento viscoso y en las propiedades texturales de emulsiones alimentarias aceite en agua con el fin de investigar un posible efecto sinérgico entre ambos tipos de emulsionantes. Con este propósito, se efectuaron medidas de tamaño de gota, flujo viscoso y propiedades texturales en emulsiones estabilizadas por proteína de altramuz y tensioactivos de diferente HLB (Tween 20 y tres estearatos de sacarosa). De los resultados experimentales, se concluye que las emulsiones estabilizadas por ambos tipos de emulsionantes muestran valores de la viscosidad en estado estacionario y de las propiedades texturales estudiadas inferiores a los encontrados en la emulsión estabilizada únicamente con proteína de altramuz, a pesar de poseer esta última un mayor tamaño medio de gota. La dependencia de los parámetros de flujo y texturales con la composición de la mezcla de emulsionantes empleada puede explicarse atendiendo al comportamiento de fases que presentan los emulsionantes de bajo peso molecular, así como a la estructura de la película interfacial y las interacciones entre ambos tipos de emulsionantes.

This paper deals with the emulsification kinetics, rheological properties and droplet size distribution of oil-in-water emulsions, stabilised by non-ionic surfactant, using two different impellers, an anchor and a helical ribbon impeller. The geometric differences found between the impellers used produce a different flow pattern, that influences on the kinetics of emulsification, and so, on the droplet size distribution (DSD) and the rheological properties of the final emulsion. There are significant differences on DSD when the emulsion is processed with different impellers at low agitation speed. The mechanical spectrum of these emulsions can be explained taking into account their DSD. However, at higher agitation speeds, the mechanical spectrum can not be explained on basis their DSD. | Se estudia la cinética de emulsificación, propiedades reológicas y distribución de tamaños de gota de emulsiones aceite vegetal en agua, estabilizadas con un tensioactivo no iónico, usando dos tipos de agitadores, esto es, un agitador tipo ancla y uno helicoidal. Las diferencias geométricas existentes entre los agitadores utilizados conducen a la obtención de patrones de flujo diferentes, que puede afectar a la cinética de emulsificación, y por tanto, a la distribución de tamaños de gota (DTG) y a las propiedades reológicas de la emulsión final. Existen diferencias significativas en la DTG cuando la emulsión se procesa con diferentes agitadores a bajas velocidades de agitación, correspondiendo las más favorables a aquellas preparadas con el agitador de ancla. El espectro mecánico de estas emulsiones puede explicarse atendiendo a su DTG. Sin embargo, a altas velocidades de agitación, la DTG no puede explicar las diferencias encontradas en el espectro mecánico de estas emulsiones.

The main factors that cause land subsidence are groundwater withdrawal and the load of high-rise buildings. Previous studies on land subsidence caused by high-rise buildings have focused on small areas. Few scholars have proposed land subsidence models that combine the effects of groundwater withdrawal and high-rise building load at a regional scale. This work was based on Biot’s consolidation theory and the nonlinear rheology theory. The soil parameters were varied in accordance with the Kozeny-Carman equation and Duncan-Zhang nonlinear model, and applied to a site in eastern China. A three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) program, fully coupling varying soil parameter values and fluid-solid characteristics of land subsidence, was coded using FORTRAN. The program was used to simulate and predict regional land subsidence and to study the coupling effects of groundwater withdrawal and high-rise building load. The results showed that the soil parameters varied in reasonable range and the trend of variation was consistent with the characteristics of soil deformation. The sum of the land subsidence under high-rise building load alone and groundwater withdrawal alone differed from land subsidence under the combined effects of groundwater withdrawal and high-rise building load. The coupling effect of land subsidence caused by high-rise building load and groundwater withdrawal was shown to be nonlinear.