This study investigated the growth performance and blood profile of 240 cockerel chickens on varying levels of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq ex fr.) in water and feed for 12 weeks. The birds were brooded for 3 weeks and thereafter sub-divided into eight treatment groups in a 2 x 4 factorial experimental layout consisting of 2 routes of administration (water and feed) each at 4 levels of inclusion (0, 5, 10 and 15 ml/litre of water and 0, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm, respectively). Each treatment contained 30 birds with three replications of 10 birds each. Data obtained were subjected to Completely Randomized Design. Birds on 1000 ppm and 15 ml inclusion levels of oyster mushroom in feed and water, respectively had the highest (P | Este estudio investigó el rendimiento del crecimiento y el perfil sanguíneo de 240 gallos jóvenes expuestos a diferentes niveles de champiñón ostra (Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq ex fr.) en agua y piensos durante 12 semanas. Las aves fueron criadas durante 3 semanas y posteriormente subdivididas en ocho grupos de tratamiento siguiendo un diseño experimental factorial de 2 x 4 consistente en 2 vías de administración (agua y piensos) cada una a 4 niveles de inclusión (0, 5, 10 y 15 ml/litro de agua y 0 , 500, 750 y 1000 ppm, respectivamente). Cada tratamiento contenía 30 aves con tres repeticiones de 10 aves cada una. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un diseño completamente aleatorio. Las aves en 1000 ppm y 15 ml de niveles de inclusión de champiñones ostra en pienso y agua, respectivamente, tuvieron el mayor peso final (P < 0.05) y aumento de peso, y las mejores proporciones de conversión de alimento de 3,16 y 3,19, respectivamente. El PCV, HB, RBC, la proteína total y la globulina de los gallos jóvenes resultaron los más altos (P < 0.05) en la inclusión champiñón de ostra en 10 ml en un litro de agua. El colesterol total, los triglicéridos, el LDL y el VLDL fueron los más bajos (P < 0.05) en los gallos jóvenes a la inclusión de 1000 ppm de champiñón ostra en la alimentación. Los gallos jóvenes, tras la inclusión de 15 ml y 750 ppm de champiñón ostra en agua y en alimentación, respectivamente registraron el HDL más alto (49,50 mg/dL). Se concluyó que la administración de champiñones ostra en agua y piensos a 15 ml/litro y 750 ppm, respectivamente, podría adoptarse en la producción de pollos de gallo para mejorar el rendimiento del crecimiento y el perfil sanguíneo.

El siguiente trabajo se realizó teniendo en cuenta la necesidad que tiene la comunidad del centro poblado de Palonegro con respecto a la calidad que presenta el agua que están captando para uso doméstico y su incidencia en la salud. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de este proyecto es proponer el diseño de unidades de tratamiento para la potabilización del agua captada por el centro poblado Palonegro del municipio de Monterrey, Casanare. La metodología del proyecto consistió en el levantamiento de información primaria y secundaria, por medio de una visita técnica al área de estudio y revisión de documentos técnicos, consolidando un diagnóstico. Posterior a eso se procedió a realizar la selección de las unidades de tratamiento más adecuadas de acuerdo con la información previamente identificada, teniendo en cuenta los parámetros que establece el RAS, la calidad del agua y algunos referentes teóricos, para lo cual se definieron las unidades de coagulación, floculación, sedimentación, filtración lenta de arena, además de unas estructuras auxiliares (tanque auxiliar, tanque para bombeo y tanque de almacenamiento final). Finalmente, se realizó el dimensionamiento y esquematización de dichas unidades, teniendo en cuenta que el caudal de diseño fue de 0,5 L/s para el año 2044, asimismo del diseño estructural de las mismas. | The following work was carried out considering the need of the community of the town of Palonegro regarding the quality of the water they are capturing for domestic use and its impact on health. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to propose the design of treatment units for the purification of the water captured by the Palonegro town center in the municipality of Monterrey, Casanare. The methodology of the project consisted of the collection of primary and secondary information, through a technical visit to the study area and review of technical documents, consolidating a diagnosis. After that, the selection of the most appropriate treatment units was carried out according to the information previously identified, taking into account the parameters established by the RAS, water quality and some theoretical references, for which the units of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, slow sand filtration, as well as auxiliary structures (auxiliary tank, pumping tank and final storage tank). Finally, the sizing and schematization of said units was carried out, bearing in mind that the design flow rate was 0.5 liters per second for the year 2044, as well as the structural design of the same.

A cadeia produtiva de hortaliças tem passado por importantes desafios nos últimos anos, dentre os quais se destaca a melhoria na eficiência no uso da água de irrigação e a necessidade da redução do consumo de agrotóxicos. A cobertura do solo com materiais orgânicos ou inorgânicos tem se mostrado como alternativa viável na economia de água na irrigação e no controle de plantas daninhas, com consequente redução no consumo de herbicidas. No entanto, as características do material empregado na cobertura podem influenciar na temperatura do solo e consequentemente no crescimento e produtividade da cultura. Diante disso, nesta pesquisa avaliou-se o efeito de estratégias de cobertura do solo sobre o controle de plantas daninhas, eficiência no uso da água, temperatura do solo e produtividade do repolho (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) em duas épocas do ano com temperaturas amenas e temperaturas elevadas no início do ciclo da cultura. Foram avaliadas cinco estratégias de cobertura do solo (cobertura do solo com filme de polietileno preto, cobertura do solo com filme de polietileno branco, cobertura do solo com papel reciclado, sem cobertura do solo com capinas e sem cobertura do solo sem capina) na cultura do repolho em duas épocas de cultivo: outono-inverno (temperaturas amenas) e verão-outono (temperaturas elevadas), cujas informações estão apresentadas em dois capítulos. No primeiro, foram avaliados os efeitos da cobertura do solo sobre o controle de plantas daninhas e eficiência no uso da água. E no segundo, foram avaliados os efeitos da cobertura do solo sobre a temperatura e amplitude térmica do solo e a produtividade do repolho. As coberturas do solo promoveram controle eficiente de plantas daninhas em ambos os ciclos. O filme de polietileno preto ou branco melhoraram a eficiência no uso da água quando o repolho foi cultivado em época do ano com temperaturas amenas, no entanto, em condições de temperaturas elevadas promoveram economia de água, mas reduziram a produtividade do repolho. A cobertura do solo com papel reciclado melhorou a eficiência no uso da água de irrigação independente da época de cultivo. Maiores taxas de aquecimento e amplitude térmica do solo foram constatadas no solo coberto com filme de polietileno preto, seguida do filme de polietileno branco, as quais foram benéficas quando a cultura foi implantada no outono-inverno. Entretanto, no cultivo de verão-outono, a elevação excessiva da temperatura do solo resultou em redução no estande final e menor crescimento das plantas, em relação ao solo sem cobertura com capinas e coberto com papel reciclado. A cobertura do solo com papel reciclado obteve menor índice de aquecimento e amplitude térmica do solo nas duas épocas de cultivo. A cobertura do solo é uma estratégia eficaz para o aumento da eficiência do uso da água e no controle de plantas daninhas. Em condições de temperaturas amenas são recomendadas as coberturas do solo com filme de polietileno preto ou branco ou papel reciclado e em condições de temperaturas elevadas o papel reciclado é a melhor cobertura. Palavras-chaves: Amplitude térmica. Brassica oleracea. Consumo de água. Filme de polietileno. Papel reciclado. | The vegetable production chain has been facing important challenges in recent years, among them are the improvement in the efficiency of irrigation water use and the need to reduce the consumption of pesticides. Soil mulching with organic or inorganic materials has proven to be a viable alternative in water saving in irrigation and also weed control, with consequent reduction in herbicide consumption. However, the characteristics of the material used for mulching can influence soil temperature and consequently crop growth and yield. Therefore, this research evaluated the effect of soil mulching strategies on weed control, water use efficiency, soil temperature and cabbage yield (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) at two times of the year with mild temperatures and high temperatures at the beginning of the crop cycle. Five mulching strategies were evaluated (mulching with black polyethylene film, mulching with white polyethylene film, mulching with recycled paper, no mulching with weeding and no mulching without weeding) in the cabbage crop in two growing seasons: autumn-winter (mild temperatures) and summer-autumn (high temperatures), whose information is presented in two chapters. In the first, the effects of soil mulching on weed control and water use efficiency were evaluated. And in the second, the effects of soil mulching on temperature and thermal amplitude of the soil and also cabbage yield were evaluated. The mulches promoted efficient weed control in both cycles. Black or white polyethylene film improved water use efficiency when the cabbage was grown at the time of the year with mild temperatures, however, under high temperature conditions both films promoted water savings but reduced cabbage productivity. Soil mulching with recycled paper improved irrigation water use efficiency regardless of the growing season. Higher rates of heating and thermal amplitude of the soil were found in the soil mulched with black polyethylene film, followed by white polyethylene film, which were beneficial when the crop was implanted in autumn-winter. However, in summer-fall cultivation, excessive soil temperature elevation resulted in a reduction in the final stand and lower plant growth in relation to the soil without weeding and covered with recycled paper. The mulch with recycled paper obtained lower rates of heating and thermal amplitude of the soil in both growing seasons. Soil mulching is an effective strategy for increasing water use efficiency and weed control. Under mild conditions, mulching with black or white polyethylene film or recycled paper is recommended, and under high temperatures recycled paper is the best mulch. Keywords: Thermal amplitude. Brassica oleracea. Water consumption. Polyethylene film. Recycled paper. | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

AVALIAÇÃO DE METODOLOGIAS PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DO TEOR DE ÁGUA NOS GRÃOS DE ORYZA SATIVA L. E DE COFFEA ARABICA L. &nbsp; ARLINDO MODESTO ANTUNES1, GABRIEL CARVALHO MATIAS 2, CÁSSIO HUMBERTO LIMA3 &nbsp;ALCEBIADES FOGAÇA DE SOUZA SOBRINHO4 VINICIUS MORIBE PEREIRA5 &nbsp; 1 Docente do curso de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Rod. PA 140, 2428-4822, CEP: 68680-000, Tomé-Açu – PA, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]. 2 Mestrando em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Aquenta Sol, CEP: 37200-900, Lavras – MG, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]. 3 Doutorando em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Aquenta Sol, CEP: 37200-900, Lavras – MG, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]. 4 Doutorando em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Aquenta Sol, CEP: 37200-900, Lavras – MG, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]. 5 Mestrando em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Aquenta Sol, CEP: 37200-900, Lavras – MG, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected]. &nbsp; RESUMO: O principal fator influenciador no processo de conservação dos grãos é o teor de água dos mesmos, sendo que as reações de deterioração acontecem em altos níveis de umidade. Portanto, os grãos armazenados devem ser preservados ao máximo. O objetivo deste estudo foi aferir a exatidão e reprodutibilidade dos métodos: padrão da estufa 105°C, destilação por Brown-Duvel, condutividade elétrica e método dielétrico (capacitância), relacionando os resultados com a massa específica do produto. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey a 5% de significância e as análises foram realizadas utilizando software estatístico Sisvar versão 5.6. O método da capacitância mostrou-se eficaz para determinação do teor de água dos grãos, tanto para o arroz e como para o café, sendo equiparável ao método padrão da estufa 105°C. A massa especifica média aparente encontrada para o arroz e para o café foram 740,5 e 614,1 kg.m-3, respectivamente. &nbsp; Palavras-chaves: capacitância, massa específica, brown-duvel, condutividade elétrica. &nbsp; METHODOLOGIES EVALUATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE WATER CONTENT IN ORYZA SATIVA L. AND COFFEA ARABICA L. GRAINS &nbsp; ABSTRACT: The main influencing factor in grain conservation process is water content of grains, with deterioration reactions occurring at high humidity levels. Therefore, stored grains must be preserved to the maximum. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of methods: standard of the oven at 105°C, Brown-Duvel distillation, electrical conductivity and dielectric method (capacitance), relating the results to the specific product mass. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% significance and were performed using Sisvar version 5.6 statistical software. The capacitance method proved to be effective for determining the grains water content, both for rice and coffee, being comparable to the standard method of the 105°C oven. The apparent average specific mass found for rice and coffee were 740.5 and 614.1 kg.m-3, respectively. &nbsp; Keywords: capacitance, especific mass, brown-duvel, electric conductivity.

En el presente trabajo se muestran y analizan los resultados de la síntesis y funcionalización de los materiales mesoporosos del tipo SBA-16 funcionalizados con grupos amino, y su capacidad de adsorción de iones de cromo en medios acuosos. La capacidad de adsorción de los materiales funcionalizados fueron analizados variando el pH de una solución de dicromato de potasio disuelto en agua desionizada a una concentración de 100 ppm de cromo hexavalente. Además, se probó la capacidad de adsorción a un pH de 2 variando las concentraciones de cromo hexavalente y los tiempos de contacto con el material adsorbente. Las propiedades texturales y la presencia de los grupos amino en los materiales adsorbentes fueron evaluados mediante las isotermas de adsorción-desorción de N2 (SBET), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), microscopía electrónica de transmisión de alta resolución, espectroscopía de infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) y para determinar la presencia de cromo en el adsorbente después de la adsorción se utilizó espectroscopía de reflectancia difusa en el rango UV-vis. Los resultados de esta caracterización indicaron que la adsorción de iones de Cr6+ ocurre entre la interacción del ion Cr6+ y los grupos amino. La SBA-16 pura (sin funcionalizar) no presenta adsorción de iones de Cr (VI).

El sector “Nuevo Bagua” es una zona rural y poco intervenida por el Estado, actualmente carece de los servicios de agua potable y alcantarillado, ante ello, el objetivo de la investigación realizada fue evaluar la Disposición a Pagar (DAP) por dichos servicios. Se aplicó el método de valoración contingente a fin de estimar la Disponibilidad a Pagar (DAP) de las familias de dicho sector; para ello, se aplicaron encuestas en el mes de Marzo del año 2019. Las encuestas definitivas tuvieron el formato dicotómico doble con seguimiento o “double bounded”, cuyos montos ofertados de DAP se eligieron de los resultados obtenidos de la encuesta piloto. Posteriormente, Los datos de las encuestas se trabajaron estadísticamente haciendo uso del modelo de regresión logística empleando el software Nlogit 3.0 y Stata vs 12.0. estimando modelos paramétricos logit, se realizó una serie de regresiones logit incluyendo todas las variables, luego fueron escogidas aquellas variables que mejor se ajustaban al modelo, A partir de dicho modelo se estimó la DAP. Los resultados permitieron obtener una DAP con un monto de s/. 8.47 nuevos soles mensuales y las variables con mayor nivel de significación fueron el primer monto ofrecido (MDAP1), Edad (EDAD), Calidad del servicio (CALISERV) y Costo del agua (COSTAGUA). Finalmente con la DAP calculada y extrapolada a toda la población se realizó el análisis para determinar si los montos de DAP permiten cubrir los costos que realiza la Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Bagua (EMAPAB) en la operación y mantenimiento del sistema de agua potable y alcantarillado, para ello se utilizó los datos del estudio tarifario de EMAPAB realizado en 2017 por la Superintendencia Nacional de Servicio de Saneamiento (SUNASS). | Tesis

El trabajo de investigación lleva como título Evaluación de disminución de Carga Orgánica de los Efluentes Domésticos con Microorganismos Eficaces (EM) para el uso de Agua Tipo III, planteándose el objetivo de disminuir la cantidad del material orgánica (MO) presente en las aguas residuales en el anexo de Occoro, para lo cual se propuso el tratamiento con Microorganismos Eficaces a distintas concentraciones (X1, X2 y X3) y análogamente con el caudal (Q1 y Q2) de ingreso, obteniendo un valor de eficiencia en el proceso. En la parte experimental se habilito un módulo acondicionado tres lagunas y un tanque, permitiéndonos tener un proceso semi – continuo donde se manipularon las variables a las condiciones propuestas; iniciada la experimentación se procedió a realizar la caracterización del agua residual, para la toma de muestra se realizó de forma programada por 20 días y de manera similar para el segundo arreglo de nuestras variables. Se analizó la demanda o requerimiento químico de oxígeno (DQO) como parámetro indicador de variación materia o carga orgánica. Los datos obtenidos evidenciaron disminución en la carga orgánica, obteniendo mayor eficiencia al trabajar la combinación de concentración 3 (X3 = 100ppm) de microorganismos eficaces (EM) y un flujo de Q2= 0,02 mL/s, siendo esta un 75% de disminución de carga o materia orgánica., concluyendo que los microorganismos eficaces resultan ser recomendable su uso para el tratamiento de aguas residuales con estas características del anexo en mención. | Tesis

Climate change, the growing limitations in the supply of irrigation water and the continuous increase of the world population present a great challenge to guarantee the world's food. It is necessary, among other things, to increase the arable land, intensify the crops and modernize the irrigation systems in a sustainable manner. The design and management of modernized areas should be oriented to increase production and optimize the efficiency of water and energy resources otherwise the systems will not be economically or environmentally viable. In this thesis, the capabilities of the ADOR-simulation software of irrigable areas have been increased, taking into account the characteristics of the physical environment, the economic aspects of agricultural production of irrigation, as well as the design and management of hydraulic irrigation infrastructures. The capacities of on-farm irrigation modules have been increased, incorporating, in addition to sprinkler solid-set irrigation system, the center pivot irrigation system (ADOR-Pivot) and the drip irrigation system (ADOR-Goteo). The ADOR-Crop module has been updated including more types of crops and double crops (double harvest). Finally, the response to the following on-farm irrigation management guidelines has been incorporated: low pressure irrigation, irrigation frequency and irrigation time (day and night irrigation). In a first phase of the work, the new parameters implemented in the tool have been adjusted and validated. To this end, five variants of a theoretical case study have been simulated in which the operation of the different on-farm irrigation systems, types of crops (simple crops, double crops) and alternative management patterns have been compared. The operation of a zone working at standard pressure in nozzle, 300 kPa, or at low pressure, 200 kPa has been analyzed. The comparison is made on irrigation quality, agronomic, economic and environmental variables. Once the changes implemented in the program were checked and validated, the irrigation area of Bardenas XI, of 931 hectares, was analyzed in a second phase of the work. The study of this area has been carried out for the current design in which the area is irrigated with natural pressure. This design results in different pressures between hydrants that limit the on-farm irrigation system that can be installed. The physical properties (available water holding capacity (AWC) and depth) of the soils of the area were characterized by field sampling and its subsequent processing in the laboratory. The spatial distribution of the soils, crops and the on-farm irrigation system was done using the Geographical Information System tool QGIS and taking into account the design premises of the irrigable area. The effect of meteorological variability was analyzed in the series 2004-2018 of the SIAR station of Ejea de los Caballeros on the hydrological, irrigation quality, agronomic, economic and environmental variables. Finally, two operating scenarios of the Bardenas XI irrigable zone were analyzed comparatively: 1) Assuming that there is natural pressure for the entire area to irrigate by sprinkler solid-set at 200 kPa in nozzle or 2) by installing a pumping station that increases the natural pressure so that all the parcels can irrigate by sprinkling solid-set at a standard pressure of 300 kPa in nozzle. The comparison was made on irrigation quality, agronomic, economic and environmental variables. The improvements made in the tool, which simulates the operation of alternative designs and management of an irrigable area, respond correctly to the results included in the scientific literature. Sprinkler solid-set irrigation systems need to apply greater volume of water to achieve the same production as the rest of the on-farm irrigation systems analyzed (center pivot machines and drip irrigation). The biggest losses of these systems, especially wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL), are the ones that explain these differences. This is true for both simple crops and double crops. The hydraulic design of the network imposes limitations on the management of irrigation when the level of intensification of crops exceeds that which was raised in its design. The reduction in the nozzle working pressure in sprinkler irrigation systems (from 300 kPa to 200 kPa) does not have a significant effect on irrigation quality, irrigation volumes or crop production. However, the reduction in working pressure decreases the electrical needs (in the case studied, the electric bill is reduced by 28 per cent, Euros 58 ha-1), which increases the net profit of irrigated farms (4 per cent). The effect of irrigation duration on the hydrological and economic variables of irrigation depends on the type of soil. Thus, for soils with medium AWC, the two-hour irrigations are the most adequate, while when we have a soil with high AWC, the risks of two or more hours give rise to the same results. In the case studied, and for both types of soil, very frequent and short-term irrigations (one hour) are not the most appropriate, since they present lower yields, higher interception losses and lower net income. Regarding the management of irrigation in the area studied, the strategy of forcing the irrigation of corn to start at night is not profitable compared to an irrigation demand, especially when we have moderate-quality soils (medium AWC). The results indicate that the best irrigation management strategy depends on the conditions of the physical environment and the design of local infrastructures. In the analysis of the current design of the irrigable area of Bardenas XI, it is concluded that the factors that most affect the quality of irrigation are the on-farm irrigation system and the soils. The plots with sprinkler solid-set irrigation system are the ones that lower distribution uniformity (DU) and efficiency of application presented. This is because adverse weather affects these systems, more importantly increasing WDEL and reducing DU, which in turn results in lower efficiency. The plots with lowest percolation losses coincide in general with the plots that have the best soils from the hydraulic point of view (very deep soils with a high or very high AWC). Irrigation needs are also affected by the crop, by the weather and by the quality of irrigation. ix Regarding the comparison of Bardenas XI in the two operating scenarios of nozzle pressure, 300 kPa or 200 kPa, it is concluded that this decrease in pressure has a small effect on the variables that define the quality of irrigation, being uniformity and irrigation efficiency slightly lower in the low pressure treatments, 5 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively. However, these differences do not affect crop yields. On the other hand, the reduction of the operating pressure achieves an average saving of the electric cost of € 72 ha-1 year-1, which translates into an increase in the net benefit of 6 per cent on average.

PI2 - Caracterização e análise da dinâmica do solo. Coordenador geral: Maria do Rosário Lobato Rodrigues.

En el presente estudio se analiza la implementación de Sistemas de Almacenamiento de Energía Térmica (TES por sus siglas en inglés) de calor latente y calor sensible para una red de District Cooling (DC) con el fin de generar ahorros en la facturación eléctrica del sistema y reducir sus costes operacionales. En el estudio se analiza los costes de inversión y costes de operación de los dos tipos de sistemas. Igualmente, se estudia las inversiones iniciales a realizar de acuerdo con el tipo de sistema junto con la ocupación de espacio en la planta de la red de los sistemas TES. En el caso del sistema de almacenamiento de energía sensible, se analiza las características hidráulicas principales del tanque de almacenamiento de agua fría de acuerdo con el tamaño requerido para almacenar 32 MWh y la cantidad de agua que esto representa. Para el sistema de almacenamiento de hielo se calcula la potencia de descarga que puede proveer la batería de hielo y se calcula la inversión necesaria en un circuito de glicol que debe acompañar el sistema de capacidad de almacenamiento de 32 MWh. Además, se muestran los resultados de los costes de inversión y operación acompañados de los ahorros logrados implementando los sistemas TES. Por último, se analiza qué sistema resulta más eficiente para la red de District Cooling en Mataró. This study analyzes the implementation of latent heat and sensible heat TES (Thermal Energy Storage) systems for a District Cooling network in order to generate savings in the electrical billing and operational costs of the plant. The study then analyzes the investments to be made according to the type of system and space occupation of the TES systems in the plant. For the sensible TES system, the main characteristics of a chill water storage tank are analyzed according to the tank size required to store 30 MWh of sensible energy and the amount of water this storage represents. For the ice storage system, the discharge power that can be provided by the ice battery is calculated along with necessary investment costs in a glycol circuit that is required to load the ice storage system. Finally, the results of the CAPEX (capital expenditure) and OPEX (operational expenditure) of each TES system is showed with the amount of energy savings achieved.