This study was carried out to investigate the effects of age of laying hens and grade of shell abnormality on internal egg quality. At each week, 1,000 eggs were randomly selected from 21,000 eggs laid by Hy-Line hens (100,000 birds) aged from 56 to 62 wk. The samples were divided into normal and externally abnormal eggs by an official egg grader. Then, egg quality including egg weight, egg white height, Haugh unit and yolk color was evaluated from each normal and abnormal eggs. The production rate of externally normal and abnormal eggs was 81.22 and 18.78%, respectively. No difference found in the production rate by the increase of hen's age, but Haugh unit of eggs from hens of 60-wk-old was higher (p less than 0.05) than that of 56-wk-old. When the same age groups were compared, egg white height and Haugh unit were lower in eggs which were externally abnormal. When the grade of abnormality increased, egg white height and Haugh unit were decreased further (p less than 0.05). Among the externally abnormal eggs, malformation showed the lowest Haugh unit. In conclusion, the shell abnormality of eggs laid by hens aged 56 to 62 wk was closely related with internal egg quality. Therefore, the grading external egg quality in the present egg grading system is directly related with the internal egg freshness.

The objective of the study was to compare calving ease, pelvic structure and pelvic angle in 74 Holstein-Friesian and 45 Jersey heifers. The frequency of difficult calving was 15.2% in Holstein-Friesians, and only 2.2% in Jersey heifers. Compared with Jersey cows, Holstein-Friesians were characterized by a higher calf weight to cow weight ratio, and higher ratios of pelvic area to cow weight and pelvic area to calf weight. The results of the study show that higher frequency of difficult calving recorded in Holstein-Friesians, in comparison with Jersey heifers, could be a consequence of relatively high calf weight and less preferable pelvic structure. Large variation in the internal dimensions of the pelvic heifers HF encouraged reducing the occurrence of dystocia through selection of the dimensions of the pelvis.

The purposes of the study were to examine the changes in carcass traits and surface meat color, and cortisol concentration by different altitudes and shipping distances for steer and cow. The experimental animals were shipped from Kangwondo, Kyunggido, Choongchungdo, and Kyungsangdo to Wonju LPC. The animals were examined for yield traits, quality traits, carcass grade, lightness, redness, yellowness, croma value, and cortisol concentration by different altitudes and shipping distances. The results showed that the carcass traits of steer like back fat thickness were not different by shipping distances of 100 km, 150 km, and 200 km. However, the fat thickness was higher in steers shipped from 250 km than 100 km, 150 km, and 200 km distance. Ribeye area was reduced significantly in 200 km and 250 km than 50 km. Yield index and yield grade were significantly low in 250 km than 50-200 km. However, meat color, fat color, texture, mature, and quality grade had no differences between shipping distances. Marbling score was not different in 50-200 km. However, the marbling score in 250 km was significantly lower than that of 50 km. In case of surface meat color by shipping distance, redness, yellowness, chroma value, and hue-angle were not different in shipping distance of 250 km. The lightness had similar result in 50-200 km. However, in case of 250 km the lightness was significantly low. The REA of cow carcass by shipping distance had no differences by shipping distance. The BET had similar results in 50-150 km. However, it had significantly thick in 200 km. The yield index and yield grade had no differences in 50-150 km. However, yield index and grade were significantly low in 200 km. The carcass trait of cow had no differences in all items by shipping distance. Although the carcass traits and the BET for steer by altitude had no differences between 100, 200, 300 and 500 m, but those were significantly thick in 400 m. And the yield index and the yield grade at altitude 400 m were lower than that of other altitudes. The quality traits and the quality grade had no differences between 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 m altitudes. The yield traits, quality traits, yield grade, and quality grade had no significant differences by altitudes. In case of yield index of cow for 300 m was low than the cases of 100 m and 200 m. The surface meat color for steer and cow had no differences by altitudes. However, the lightness of cow had positive result in 100 m than 200 m and 300 m. In case of steer and cow the cortisol concentration by shipping distance was high as the shipping distances were longer. However, the cortisol concentrations of steer and cow by altitudes were decreased as the altitudes were increased. From the above results carcass traits and carcass grade were decreased and the cortisol concentration was increased as the altitudes were decreased for steer and cow.

This study was carried out to compare the cut meat yields of Cobb and Avian and their profits at productive aspect. Two different breeds, Cobb (34,086,758 birds) and Avian (4,087,600 birds) produced from January 2009 to August 2009 were used. The whole chickens were divided into cut meats including tenderloins, breast fillets, whole wings, boneless thighs, and drumsticks. The growth performance and cut meat yield of Cobb and Avian were measured to investigate possible profit difference. Cobb was superior in the aspect of production performance to Avian with significant differences in survival rate and slaughtering age. As the weight gained, the yields of Cobb increased in breast fillets and boneless thighs as well as lean meat percentage. Significantly higher yield (%) of breast fillets was produced by Cobb at size 14 when compared with Avian. However, there was no significant difference in expected market prices for both cut meat and whole chicken meat between the two breeds in all sizes.

Alle für die Verarbeitung ökologischer Erzeugnisse bereits zugelassenen Zusatzstoffe wurden anhand der Kriterien der EU für die Zulassung von neuen Zusatzstoffen sowie der Erfahrungen der Verbände und Industrie geprüft und beurteilt. Als Ergebnis wurde eine Dossiersammlung erarbeitet. Jeder für die ökologische Verarbeitung zugelassene Zusatzstoff wird in einem eigenen Kapitel („Dossier“) vorgestellt.

For natural water, method of water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is presented. Two important parts are improved, the weights determining and fuzzy membership functions. The coefficient of variation of each indicator is used to determine the weight instead of traditional calculating superscales method. On the other hand, fuzzy matter-elements are constructed, and normal membership degrees are used instead of traditional trapezoidal ones. The composite fuzzy matter-elements with associated coefficient are constructed through associated transformation. The levels of natural water quality are determined according to the principle of maximum correlation. The improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is applied to evaluate water quality of the Luokou mainstream estuary at the first ten weeks in 2011 with the coefficient of variation method determining the weights. Water quality of Luokou mainstream estuary is dropping from level I to level II. The results of the improved evaluation method are basically the same as the official water quality. The variation coefficient method can reduce the workload, and overcome the adverse effects from abnormal values, compared with the traditional calculating superscales method. The results of improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method are more credible than the ones of the traditional evaluation method. The improved evaluation method can use information of monitoring data more scientifically and comprehensively, and broaden a new evaluation method for water quality assessment.

Within the software product development life cycle, one may speak on qualities of four types – process quality, internal quality, external quality, and quality in use. Various quality models have been developed in the sphere of software engineering to evaluate internal and external quality of software product. All models are based on the defined hierarchic link of quality characteristics and sub-characteristics. The quality in use model of a product is also based on certain characteristics allowing evaluation of the mentioned quality. The development of quality systems and certifying of organisations in compliance with the ISO 9001 quality standards is one of the widely applied approaches in the world practice for assurance of process quality. Quality systems shall be developed according to the defined guidelines; however, no quality models are established for evaluation of process quality. The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate that quality models with earmarked quality characteristics and sub-characteristics may also be developed for the evaluation of software product development process quality.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o mercado consumidor de alimentos orgânicos em Belo Horizonte-MG, incluindo o perfil socioeconômico e o comportamento dos consumidores, sua percepção e seu conhecimento sobre alimentos orgânicos, além das principais motivações e limitações em relação ao consumo desses produtos. Uma pesquisa descritiva direta e estruturada (survey) foi realizada com 400 consumidores de alimentos orgânicos, por meio da aplicação de questionários semiestruturados. A maioria dos consumidores era do gênero feminino (76,0%), com idade superior a 30 anos (90,3%), em união estável (81,3%), graduados (81,5%) e com renda familiar elevada (acima de 12 S.M./mês) (78,7%). A maioria definiu alimento orgânico como um alimento isento de resíduos de agrotóxicos (69,7%). Alimentos orgânicos foram mencionados conter maiores níveis de nutrientes do que os convencionais (82,0%), além de serem isentos de organismos geneticamente modificados (75,0%) e produtos químicos sintéticos (86,0%). A maioria mostrou preocupação em manter hábitos de vida saudáveis, sendo que 80,5% exercitavam-se regularmente e 49,2% já haviam feito alguma dieta ou recebido orientações nutricionais. Todos acreditavam nos benefícios à saúde advindos do consumo dos produtos orgânicos e quase a totalidade (98,8%) já havia percebido melhorias na saúde em decorrência desse consumo. Somente 16,3% consumiam outros alimentos orgânicos além de frutas e hortaliças. A preocupação com a saúde, assim como o maior conteúdo de nutrientes e o sabor mais pronunciado do que os alimentos convencionais, foram as maiores motivações para o consumo de frutas e hortaliças orgânicas. Grande parte dos consumidores apresentou conhecimento superficial sobre a temática, o que evidenciou a necessidade de maiores esclarecimentos sobre o assunto. Uma demanda reprimida por tais produtos pôde ser observada, pois, apesar do grande interesse por alimentos orgânicos, fatores como preço elevado e baixa qualidade limitaram o consumo destes produtos em Belo Horizonte.

In order to evaluation of rootstocks including include Murcott, Orlando tangelo and sour orange effects on yield and other quantity and quality of intruduced orange cultivars such as Moro, Hamlin, Tamson navel and Washangton navel in north of Iran, a split-plot experiment based on randimized complete block design with three replcations for five years was carried out at Agriculture Research Station