Investigation of present yield and fertilization on Fuji apple in Baishui County | 白水县苹果产量及施肥现状调查

Китайский. 对陕西省白水县“红富士”苹果园的产量和施肥状况进行调查，为苹果园合理施肥提供依据。采用农户抽样调查和农户座谈的方法，对位于渭北旱塬苹果优生区的陕西省白水县8个苹果主产乡镇的126户农户的“红富士”苹果园的产量及施肥状况进行调查。白水县“红富士”苹果产量最高为135 t/hm2，最低只有5.63 t/hm2，平均为26.29 t/hm2，总体产量偏低，区域间差异较大。从果园施肥情况看，88.1%的“红富士”种植户都施用了化肥，47.6%的“红富士”种植户施用了有机肥。白水县“红富士”苹果氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥平均施用量分别为535.28，402.98和309.15 kg/hm2，氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)比例为1∶0.75∶0.58，其中化肥提供的N、P2O5和K2O分别占养分总投入量的88.5%，86.8%和83.6%。施肥量分级结果表明，施氮(N)量＜540 kg/hm2的苹果园所占比例为60.3%，施磷(P2O5)量＜405 kg/hm2的果园比例为57.1%，施钾(K2O)量＜270 kg/hm2的果园比例为60.3%。“红富士”苹果施肥以基肥为主，基肥中N、P2O5和K2O分别占养分总投入量的76.9%，81.1%和79.0%，只有23.1%的“红富士”苹果园有追肥。白水县“红富士”苹果种植中存在的主要问题有：“红富士”苹果产量普遍较低，增产潜力有待挖掘；养分投入量偏低，区域间差异较大；有机肥投入不足，不能满足“红富士”苹果生产的需求；基肥和追肥施用比例不合理。

Английский. In order to provide a basis for rational fertilization of orchard, the situation of the production and fertilization in Baishui County, Shaanxi Province was investigated. Sampling and discussions with farmers on yield and nutrients management on Fuji apple orchards were conducted in the major production area in Baishui County which is located in Weibei Plateau, Shaanxi Province. It covered 126 Fuji apple farms distributed in 8 villages in main producing area. The results showed that the highest yield of Fuji apple was 135 t/hm2 and the lowest yield 5.63 t/hm2 in Baishui County; the average apple yield was 26.29 kg/hm2. Overall, the yield of Fuji apple in Baishui County was low, and big differences existed among the regions. The survey showed that 88.1% Fuji apple orchards used chemical fertilizer and 47.6% used organic fertilizer. The average applications fertilizer rate of N, P2O5 and K2O was 535.28, 402.98 and 309.15 kg/hm2 in Baishui County whose proportion was 1∶0.75∶0.58. The chemical fertilizer of N, P2O5 and K2O accounted for 88.5%, 86.8% and 83.6% in the total fertilizer application. There were 60.3% Fuji apple orchards with applied nitrogen (N) fertilzer less than 540 kg/hm2, 57.1% Fuji apple orchards with applied phosphorus (P2O5) fertilizer less than 405 kg/hm2, and 60.3% Fuji apple orchards with applied potassium (K2O) fertilizer less than 270 kg/hm2. The main method of fertilizer application in Fuji apple orchards was base fertilizer. There was only 23.1% of fertilizer applied as top dressing. N, P2O5 and K2O in base fertilizer accounted for 76.9%, 81.1% and 79.0% in the total nutrients provide. The nutrient problems of the Fuji apple in Baishui County were as follows: There was a large space for improvement in apple yield; the nutrient input was low and there was great differences among the regions; organic fertilizer application rate was low and can not supply the growth needs of Fuji apple; most of the Fuji apple orchards yield was low; and it was not well-balanced in base and top dressing fertilizer.