Review of Chlorine and Organohalides and Their Significance to The Royal Australian Navy,
1997
Upsher, F. J. | Fletcher, Lyn E.
There is increasing global disquiet about the concentration of chlorine compounds found in the natural environment. When chlorine is mixed with ship sewage up to 10% of applied chlorine can be converted to organohalides. Chlorine and residual oxidants are readily dissipated and their environmental effects are of lesser significance than the potential toxicity of the organohalides. Organohalides readily bioaccumulate and are persistent in the environment. Their presence has been associated with tumours and cancers, birth defects, interference with reproduction and behavioural problems. These effects are greatest in animals at the end of the food chain, including sea birds, whales and dolphins.
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