Spatial variability of soil properties in soils olive growing in Sulaimanyah Iraq

This study was conducted during of 2016 to determine spatial variability of the olive orchard soil in Halabja, located in south-east Sulaymaniyah. The aim of this work was to investigate how the spatial variability of soil properties, spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in any given landscape is a fact that has become well established. The variability, laterally and vertically, results from the impact of the soil-forming factors, namely, climate, vegetation, topographic setting, parent material, and time. The area study was about 100 hectare, 116 soil samples were taken for determination of the main soil chemical and physical properties which were then used to prepare spatial distribution maps. The distribution patterns indicated that, spatial analysis showed patterns of distribution for the studied soil properties. The texture of most of the studied samples was clayey soil except for the texture of 5 samples which had clay loam texture. The pH value of the studied soil samples was ranged from 7.09 to 8.40. Tthe studied soil samples were non saline since the range EC of the studied soil sample was from 132 to 966 mmhos/cm .The range of organic matter content, CaCO3 and CEC were 0.88% to 3.23%, 6.93% to 20.82% and 47.38 to 88.22cmolc.kg -1soil respectively. The P content of the studied soil sample was ranged from 0.12 to 12.80 kg/da, while the range of macro nutrients Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ were 26.07 to 52.20 , 1.86 to 35.41 , 9.90 to20.41 and 0.31 to 6.74 meq /100 g soil respectively. While the range of micro nutrients Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu for the studied soil samples were 1.06-20.7 , 0.33-1.74 , 5.87-24.63 and 0.56-1.23 ppm respectively.The results indicated that geostatistical methods are spherical and exponential variogram models were best fitted to all these soil properties. Maps were generated through interpolation of measured values by kriging. Maintaining organic matter and plant nutrients of the soil without the practices might was due to the removal of plant nutrient by erosion. Furthermore, high-quality of organic matter and plant nutrients in the soil resulted in improving soil quality and increasing high agriculture production.