Mycobiota of Estonia | Eesti seenestik

Käsikirja valmimist rahastas Eesti Teadusfond ja Eesti Haridusministeerium.

Seentel on looduses oluline osa - orgaanilise aine lagundajatena on nad asendamatud ökosüsteemideaineringes. Niiviisi osalevad seened ökosüsteemide sekundaarses produktsioonis, luues ühtlasi maakeraloodusressursse. Inimese praktilises tegevuses on seentel tohutu tähtsus nii negatiivses kui ka positiivsestähenduses. Piisab, kui mõelda söödavatele, sealhulgas viljeldavatele seentele, mitmesuguseid keemilisiaineid produtseerivatele liikidele, ravimseentele, mürkseentele, mükooside tekitajatele, fütopatogeenseteleseentele, hallitusseentele jpt. Seepärast väärivad seened igakülgset tundmaõppimist ning oma igapäevasestegevuses tuleb meil nendega tõsiselt arvestada.Eesti territoorium pakub seente leviku uurimise seisukohast laialdasemat huvi Euroopas tervikuna. TänuEesti looduslikele (botaanilistele, geograafilistele, geoloogilistele) iseärasustele on meie ala omapäraseksristumiskohaks boreaalsete ja nemoraalsete, mõningal määral ka pontiliste seeneliikide areaalidele. Seetõttuon Eesti seenestik koosseisult mitmekesine ja liigirohke.Eesti seentest on kahe sajandi vältel kirjutatud hulgaliselt nii teaduslikke kui populaarteaduslikke töid.Viimastel aastakümnetel on ilmunud rida raamatuid mitmesuguste seenerühmade kohta, sealhulgas kaülevaated meie parimate söögiseente perekondadest. Kõiki Eesti suurseeni käsitlev raamat “Seened”(koostaja K. Kalamees) ilmus juba 1966. aastal. Eesti pisiseeni laiemale üldsusele tutvustavat kirjandust onseevastu napilt, ometi on näiteks seente poolt põhjustatud taimehaiguste tundmine nii põllumajandus- kuimetsamajanduspraktikas väga oluline. Eesti seente loend on meil küll ilmunud juba kahe raamatuna “Eestiseente koondnimestik” (Järva & E. Parmasto, 1980; Järva, I. Parmasto & Vaasma, 1998), kuid needmõlemad kujutavad endast seeneliikide kommentaarideta nimestikku koos viidetega vastavale kirjandusele(kuni aastani 1990).Käesolev raamat annab ülevaate umbes 4/5 Eestis kasvavatest seeneliikidest, püüdes seejuures neid lühidaltiseloomustada süstemaatiliselt, ökoloogiliselt, levikuliselt, bioloogiliselt ning kasu või kahju seisukohastinimesele. Lisaks sellele on raamatus iseloomustatud erinevaid seente kasvukohatüüpe Eestis, meie seentegeograafiat, ökoloogiat, seenekaitset ning seente osa inimese elus. Paraku ei ole probleemide käsitlusraamatus siiski täielik, kuna Eestis ei ole veel mitmeid seenerühmi nimetatud küsimustega seonduvalt läbiuuritud. Nii on näiteks toitumisrühmade, kasvukohtade ja levilatüüpidega seotud üldistav analüüs meil senitehtud vaid lehikseente osas.Käesolev raamat on teaduslik teatmeteos Eesti seentest. See ei ole ei määraja ega mükoloogia õpik ningseetõttu ei leia siin põhjalikku käsitlemist seente ehituse, bioloogia, paljunemise ja eluviisi probleemid. Neidküsimusi vaadeldakse üksikute seenerühmade juures vaid sedavõrd, kuivõrd nad osutuvad vajalikuks Eestistleitud seente iseloomustamisel. Mükoloogiline oskussõnastik hõlbustab raamatu kasutamist. Võimalikulttäpselt on raamatus seeneliikide kõrval viidatud ka nende peremeesorganismidele koos ladinakeelsetenimetustega. Eesti kodumaistele puu- ja põõsaliikidele, levinumatele köögi- ja põlluviljadele, viljapuudele jamarjapõõsastele ning samuti kodu- ja metsloomadele on tekstis viidatud ainult eestikeelsete nimedega,vastavad ladinakeelsed nimed tuuakse eri nimestikuna raamatu lõpus.Raamatu töömahukast ning aegavõtvast kirjutamisest, koostamisest ja toimetamisest on osa võtnud paljukutselisi ja mitmeid harrastusmükolooge, samuti teistegi erialade esindajaid. Raamatu koostajana japeatoimetajana avaldan siirast tänu kõigile autoritele ja kaastoimetajatele, ingliskeelsete tekstide tõlkijaleM.Roosile ning keelelisele korrektorile M. Johansonile, CD versiooni tegijale ja kujundajale I. Kübarsepale.Raamatu failide esialgse töötlejana väärib kahtlemata tänu OÜ Eesti Loodusfoto. Oma käsikirjalistematerjalide kasutamise võimaldamise ning samuti kaastöö eest mitmete erinevate lõikude sisuliseltäiendamisel ja parandamisel pälvivad lisaks neile tänu A. Jakobson, K. Jürgens, A. Kalamees, L. Kalamees,M. Laane, T. Randlane ja I. Saar. Käsikirja teksti trükkimise ja vormistamise eest väärib siirast tänu M.Vaasma. Eriline tänu kuulub posthuumselt raamatu illustraatorile kunstnik Georg Štšukinile, kelle sule japintsli alt on tulnud värvitahvlid ning mustvalged joonised.

Английский. An investigation into Estonian mycobiota, including taxonomy, ecology, distribution and data on itsresources, is presented in this book. A contemporary interpretation of the distribution of Estonian fungibetween the kingdoms of Eucaryota and their systematic arrangement based on the principles of Hawksworthet al.(1995), as well as the morphology, anatomy, ecology, phenology, distribution, the profit or damagefrom the human point of view are considered in detail at the level of different taxonomic units from phyla tospecies. Trophic groups and sites, and the peculiarities of the geographical distribution of fungi in Estoniaare analysed. Edible mushrooms, their resources and cultivation in Estonia, the nutritive value and ways ofpreservation, mycetism, mycotoxicoses and mycoses in man and domestic animals, poisonous fungi andmedical uses of fungi, plant diseases caused by fungi, and dyeing of textile fabrics with fungal pigments aretreated in separate chapters. Particular attention is devoted to the principles of fungus protection and thespecies included in the Red Data Book of Estonia and to those under state protection.The priority in the fungus investigations in Estonia belongs to Fischer and Hupel (1777). That is particularlyevident in the works of Fischer (1778, 1784, 1791), Grindel (1803), Friebe (1805), Weinmann (1836),Dietrich (1856, 1859), Bucholtz (1904, 1916), Lepik (1930, 1940), Witkowsky (1934), Leisner (1937, 1938).First more concrete data of scientific significance are found in Dietrich’s and Bucholtz’s works whichcontain studies on the fungi of the Baltic Region of that time. From the period of 1925–1943 very importantare the mycological and phytopathological investigations of prof. E. Lepik. The research centres weresituated in Tartu. On E. Lepik’s initiative a number of amateur mycologists like N. Witkowsky, T. Leisner,A. Rühl and V. Pärtelpoeg joined in the work. In Estonia, the investigation into the systematic, ecology,distribution, pathology and coenology of fungi became more active in the 1950s, when studies were startedby E. Parmasto, V. Lasting, P. Põldmaa, K. Kalamees. In the 1960s and later A. Raitviir, L. Järva, A.-L.Sõmermaa, M. Hanso, H. Karis, J. Sarv, K. Kask, B. Kullman, I. Parmasto, M. Vaasma, T. Normet, H.Lõiveke, P. Soobik joined in the research. The amateur mycologists H. Kelder, G. Shtshukin, V. Liiv and S.Veldre also took up training for mycological investigations. At present the research centre of Estonianmycology is the Institute of Zoology and Botany (department of mycology) by the Estonian AgriculturalUniversity.A new generation of mycologists, among them U. Kõljalg, K. Põldmaa have appeared. The traditionalclassical direction in Estonian mycological research is being replaced by a new one at the genetical andmolecular level.Since 1777 almost 4000 species of fungi have been recorded in Estonia (cf. Järva, 1982; Parmasto, 1989).They have been treated in nearly 2000 books and articles (cf. Järva & E. Parmasto, 1980; Järva, I. Parmasto& Vaasma, 1998). Since 1950, 159 000 specimens of fungi have been collected for the fungus herbarium ofthe Institute of Zoology and Botany. The Estonian Mycological Society (until June 2000 the mycologysection of the Estonian Naturalists' Society) has about 30 members.The composition of Estonian mycobiota is diverse, rich in species and resources, since Estonia lies in thetemperate mixed forest zone of the northern hemisphere (Kalamees, 1995). In Estonia we find favourablegrowth conditions for both boreal coniferous forest fungus species and nemoral deciduous forest species. Asthe northern border of the distribution area of oak runs through South Finland, there are good growthconditions for practically all the fungus species connected with oak in Estonia. This is the reason why ourmycobiota is considerably richer in comparison with that of the other northern countries.The development and character of Estonian mycobiota have been, to a great extent, influenced by thedifferences between the geological history of West ad East Estonia as well as the peculiarities of the soils,flora and climate in these regions. The differences in the base rock of North and South Estonia are equallyimportant. West and North Estonia, including the islands of the Baltic Sea, considerably differ from South and EastEstonia from the mycogeographical point of view as concerns, at least, mycorrhizal Agaricales. As regardsthe species composition of Agaricales, West and North Estonia are similar to Central and even to SouthEurope. The most important factors from the point of view of fungi in West and North Estonia are theabundance of broad-leaved tree species and calcareous soils on the Silurian and Ordovician limestone baserock.For these reasons Estonia seems to occupy an important position on the eastern and northern (north-eastern)borders of many nemoral fungus species spread in West Europe. Sometimes, however, the eastern(north-eastern) and northern borders of those species run in the close vicinity of the territory of Estonia, inRussia and South Finland, respectively.Owing to all the factors mentioned above the species composition of fungi in West and North Estonia isricher and more varied than that in East and South Estonia (which is also the case with the flora of higherplants). For instance, nearly 50 species of Estonian agarics grow only (or preferably) in West and NorthEstonia and on the islands (Kalamees & Lasting, 1973c).The mycobiota of Estonian forests is characterized by the domination of mycorrhizal fungi and littersaprobes (Kalamees, 1980a,c, 1982). There are few humus saprobes among forest fungi, their role is moreimportant in forest type groups with a weak or missing litter horizon, such as alvar, dry boreo- nemoral, freshboreo-nemoral, floodplain and paludified forests. The existence of wood saprobes and parasites, as well asleaf- and needle-debris saprobes is very characteristic of forest mycobiota. In the formation of the mycobiotaof forest type groups the carbonate content of soils and their moisture regimes are of paramount importance.The mycobiota of Estonian meadows consists of humus saprobes, and lots of mycorrhizal fungi in parklandmeadows and litter saprobes in denser stand groups (Kalamees, 1979c, 1980a, 1982). In parkland meadowsquite frequent are also wood saprobes. The composition of the mycobiota of meadows is, to quite a greatextent, influenced by human activities, mainly by grazing cattle and mowing. Pastures are, for instance,always rich in coprotrophs. The determining factor in the fungus composition of dry and fresh meadows isthe carbonate content of the soils. The poverty of mycobiota in paludified meadows mainly accounts forexcessive moisture.The mycobiota of Estonian mires basically consists of hygrophilous humus and moss saprobes (Kalamees,1982). As concerns forested mires a few mycorrhizal fungi are also found. The main factor determining thecharacter of mire mycobiota is the continuous excess moisture. The calcareousness of the soils does not exertsignificant effect on the mycobiota of mires.The mycobiota of Estonian boreal heath grasslands is very poor in species due to the extremely infavourablegrowth conditions (Kalamees, 1980a). The raw-humus nature of the forest litter horizon and high acidity donot create necessary conditions for the development of litter saprobes.The mycobiota of coastal dunes is poor in species but very peculiar in its species composition:psammophilous humus saprobes and xerophilous mycorrhizal fungi of willows and pines grow there. Sandyinland plains, which represent secondarily outcropping unfixed sands, are dry and therefore offer favourablegrowth conditions for only a few fungus species.Vegetation of outcrops in Estonia as well as halophilous coastal areas, off-shore bars, nitrophilous areas atthe nesting places of birds, etc. are also very poor in fungus species (Kalamees, 1980a).A number of water fungi grow in Estonia. They are found on plant remnants deposited on the bottom ofwater-bodies, on stalks of live plants and on other organic substrate in water. They mainly belong toHyphomycetes (A. Kalamees, 1989). Macrofungi cannot grow in water, but favourable conditions for thedevelopment of many Helotiales are created in reed-beds and other groups of water plants as a result of theaccumulation of decaying plant remnants after the flood has sunk. The mycobiota of ruderal and cultivated vegetation is highly varied and peculiar (Kalamees, 1981). Thebasic factor determining its composition is the humus content in the soil. Mainly humus saprobes grow onthese sites, but coprotrophs are also often found. Lots of mycorrhizal fungi grow in parks.Estonian mycobiota is rich in edible fungi being represented by almost 400 species. The general resources ofEstonian fungi reach to 36.5 thousand tons (Kalamees & Vaasma, 1980). Among forest types with standsready for felling the following types can be undoubtedly considered the most productive: Vacciniumuliginosum pine type with 229 kg per hectare, Cladonia pine type with approximately 215 kg per hectare andCalluna pine type with approximately 239 kg per hectare (Kalamees & Vaasma, 1980; Kalamees & Silver,1988, 1993). According to the latest data it is the young Cladonia type (25 years old) that with 569 kg perhectare exceeds manyfold the fungus yields of any other Estonian forest site. The most productive forests, asconcerns the fungus yield, lie in North, South-East and South-West Estonia, and on the island of Saaremaa.As concerns fungus species, the following can be considered to be the most productive: Lactarius rufus with495 kg per hectare, Suillus bovinus with 165 kg per hectare, Suillus variegatus with 129 kg per hectare andRussula decolorans with 94 kg per hectare (Kalamees & Silver, 1988).Among the 200 species of poisonous macrofungi have been recorded in Estonia, there are three deadlypoisonous ones: Amanita virosa, A. phalloides and Inocybe erubescens. Mycetism has been rare in Estonia.Amanita virosa was the reason of four poisonings causing death during the period of 1935–1998 (see Lepik,1935a; Witkovsky, 1935). Some quite serious poisonings were caused by Inocybe erubescens, Gyromitraesculenta, Cortinarius sp. (subg. Phlegmacium, sect. Xanthophylli), Paxillus involutus and Phaeolepiotaaurea in recent years. Relatively many cases of mycotoxicoses in cattle recorded in Estonia during the lasthalf a century were caused by spoilt feed.Dermatomycoses and candidiasis quite wide-spread mycoses are in people and domestic animals andaspergillose and trichohytosis in domestic animals and poultry.In Estonia there are about 150 species of macrofungi belonging to medical fungi, 3/4 of them for theirantibiotic qualities. In fact, only 2 species have been used for this purpose. Claviceps purpurea is the onlypharmacological fungus medicine used. In folk medicine Inonotus obliquus is used in the cure of cancer.There are about half a thousand fungus species in Estonia which pigments could be used for dyeing textilefabrics. However, as a matter of fact, they have never been used for this purpose.The basic principle of the fungus protection in Estonia consists in the protection of fungus habitats(Kalamees, 1988). As a result, we can protect successfully both the fungus resources and separate speciesrequiring protection. The Red Data Book of Estonia contains 91 fungus species, the list of fungi underprotection contains 30 species (Kalamees & Vaaasma, 1998).