Transport and Immobilization of 2,4,6 ¹⁵N-Trinitrotoluene in Soil Microcosms Subjected to Long Term Incubation Under Aerobic Conditions
Knicker, Heike | Müller, Petra
¹⁵N-labeling and solid-state ¹³C and ¹⁵N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied to study the immobilization of 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT) into soil organic matter (SOM). Uncontaminated soil from the Ap horizon of a Luvisol was mixed with ¹⁵N-TNT (enrichment: 99 atm%) and laid over an unspiked layer of the same material. The latter covered soil from the Bt horizon. The microcosms were aerobically incubated under laboratory conditions for up to 11 months. After 1 week, within the total microcosm approximately 90% of the added ¹⁵N (¹⁵Nadd) were recovered, mostly in the top layer (87%). After 11 months, this amount decreased to 71%, indicating losses due to denitration or transamination. Within two months, half of ¹⁵Nadd had been immobilized in the residues not extractable with organic solvents and water. The amount of the sequestered ¹⁵Nadd remained fairly constant until the end of the experiment pointing towards a high stability of TNT-SOM associates. Solid-state ¹⁵N NMR revealed their formation by covalent binding, most tentatively as amides. Complete reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene (TAT) was not prerequisite. The most pronounced downwards movement of ¹⁵N-TNT occurred during the first two months. The major part of it, however, experienced quick immobilization, leaving approximately 10% of ¹⁵Nadd recovered in the leachate at the end of the experiment. Calculations indicated contributions of inorganic ¹⁵Nadd. Approximately 25% of its organic ¹⁵Nadd originated from condensed N, suggesting that in soils the transport of partly reduced TNT is in close association with the organic matter of the soil solution to which they are covalently bound.
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