Effects of Five Antifouling Biocides on Settlement and Growth of Zoospores from the Marine Macroalga Ulva lactuca L
Wendt, Ida | Arrhenius, Åsa | Backhaus, Thomas | Hilvarsson, Annelie | Holm, Christina | Langford, Katherine | Tunovic, Timur | Blanck, Hans
Antifouling biocides are found in the marine ecosystem were they can affect non-target organisms. In this study the effects of five antifouling biocides on the settlement and growth of Ulva lactuca zoospores were investigated. The biocides investigated were copper (Cu²⁺), 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (DCOIT), triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), tolylfluanid and medetomidine. Full concentration–response curves where determined for each compound. EC₅₀ values were determined for copper, DCOIT, TPBP and tolylfluanid, all of which inhibited settlement and growth in a concentration dependent manner with the following toxicity ranking; tolylfluanid (EC₅₀ 80 nmol L⁻¹) ~ DCOIT (EC₅₀ 83 nmol L⁻¹) > TPBP (EC₅₀ 400 nmol L⁻¹) > Cu²⁺ (EC₅₀ 2,000 nmol L⁻¹). Medetomidine inhibited settlement and growth only at the extreme concentration of 100,000 nmol L⁻¹ (93 % effect). The low toxicity is possibly a consequence of a lack of receptors that medetomidine can bind to in the U. lactuca zoospores.
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