Ménage à Trois: Unraveling the Mechanisms Regulating Plant–Microbe–Arthropod Interactions
gruden, kristina | Lidoy, Javier | Petek, Marko | Podpecan, Vid | Flors, Victor | Papadopoulou, Kalliopi K. | Pappas, Maria L. | Martinez-Medina, Ainhoa | Bejarano, Eduardo | Biere, Arjen | Pozo, Maria J.
Plant‐microbe‐arthropod (PMA) interactions have important impacts on plant fitness, and recent studies shed light on how plants regulate responses in such complex interactions. Biosynthetic pathways for the production of defensive and signaling compounds, and the corresponding signaling modules (mostly related to phytohormones) are key regulators both in interactions of the plant with either microbes or arthropods (two-way interactions), or when exposed to both (PMA; three-way interactions). Most signaling modules regulating two-way interactions of plants with microbes or arthropods also operate in three-way PMA interactions, but changes in their speed or intensity (e.g., defense priming) and/or activation of additional pathways frequently occur. These differences shape the outcome of PMA interactions and may have implications for ecologically based crop protection.
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