A Simple and Convenient Synthesis of Unlabeled and <sup>13</sup>C-Labeled 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-Hydroxypropionic Acid and Its Quantification in Human Urine Samples
Yeganeh Khaniani | Matthias Lipfert | Dipanjan Bhattacharyya | Rolando Perez Pineiro | Jiamin Zheng | David S. Wishart
An improved method to synthesize the highly abundant and biomedically important urinary metabolite 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid (HPHPA) is reported. The modified protocol is based on an indium-mediated sonochemical Reformatsky reaction. The synthesis is a simple two-step route as opposed to a complex four-step route previously reported in the literature that requires specialized equipment, flammable materials, and high-pressure reaction vessels. The described procedure also provides an expedient route to prepare a <sup>13</sup>C isotopically labeled HPHPA that can be used as a standard for quantitative LC-MS analysis. This report also illustrates how the synthesized metabolite standard was used to detect and accurately quantify its presence in human urine samples using both NMR and LC-MS techniques.
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