Food Fraud Vulnerability Assessment Tools and Their Applications to Selected Food Supply Chains

Lee, H.S.; Park, S.B.; Chun, H.S.

Food Fraud Vulnerability Assessment Tools and Their Applications to Selected Food Supply Chains

2024

Lee, H.S. | Park, S.B. | Chun, H.S.

Food fraud poses a significant threat to the global food supply chain by affecting both economic stability and public health. This review first examines food fraud vulnerability assessments (FFVAs), highlighting the need for standardized methodologies through unified definitions and classifications from various organizations. Four primary FFVA tools ‘food fraud mitigation guidance’, ‘standard product fraud’, ‘food fraud vulnerability assessment tool’, and ‘criticality, accessibility, recuperability, vulnerability, effect, and recognizability plus shock (CARVER+Shock) tool’ were evaluated for their effectiveness in identifying vulnerabilities in diverse food supply chains and facilitating prevention strategies. Case studies of the supply chains of milk, spices, oils, organic foods, meat, seafood, and alcohol illustrate the methodology and vulnerability assessment outcomes of the tool. The findings indicate that counterfeiting-related questions are excluded when raw materials or products are less susceptible to brand or trademark counterfeiting. Additionally, the results show that technical fraud thresholds, corporate ethics, and monitoring systems significantly affect vulnerability to food fraud. Although the current tools provide valuable frameworks, our findings underscore the need for more integrated and adaptable approaches to address the evolving nature of food fraud. This review concludes with recommendations for improving FFVA methodologies and encouraging collaboration among industries, regulatory bodies, and the academia to establish robust global standards for food fraud prevention.

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