Relevance and methods. Methodological approaches to assessing the residual amounts of copper-containing pesticides in plant products against the background of natural copper content are presented. The conditions for obtaining reliable results when conducting a hygienic assessment of the content of residual amounts of the active substance are determined. The developed scheme for determining the residual amounts of copper-containing pesticides includes the homogenization of the analyzed material by shredding with dry ice and microwave mineralization of samples with subsequent flameless atomic absorption determination of copper.Results. Data on the levels of natural copper content in samples of potatoes, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes and grapes of various varieties and growing areas are presented. The possibility of applying the developed approaches to study the dynamics of accumulation of active substances during the growing season is shown.

Relevance. Due to the wide diversity of cultivars and rootstocks, the selection of more productive, commercial and adapted graft-rootstock combinations for industrial orchards in the Orel region and the entire Central Chernozem region is relevant.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) on the bases of the laboratory of cultivar study and cultivar agrotechnics of pome crops and the laboratory of physiology of fruit plant resistance. Winter apple cultivars of VNIISPK breeding ‘Sinap Orlovsky’, ‘Veteran’, ‘Orlik’, ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’, ‘Svezhest’, ‘Bolotovskoye’, ‘Veniaminovskoye’ and control cultivar ‘Antonovka Obyknovennaya’ on the vegetatively propagated semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118 were taken as objects of the studies. The orchard was planted in autumn 2013, the planting scheme was 6 mx3m.Results. The studied apple cultivars have good compatibility with 54-118 rootstock, provide good tree development and low-sized crown. The highest yield on average for three years was in scab-immune apple cultivars ‘Bolotovskoye’ (4.6 t/ha), ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ (3.4 t/ha) and ‘Venyaminovskoye’ (3.2 t/ha). The highest indicators for the load of the crop on the crown volume, crown projection area, and cross-sectional area of the stem were for ‘Svezhest’ and ‘Bolotovskoye’. As a result of determining the frost resistance of apple cultivars in mid-January to temperatures up to -38...-40°C, it was revealed that in the hardened state, the cultivars showed frost resistance of buds and tissues of annual shoots with reversible damage at -38°C in the middle of winter. A decrease in temperature to -40°C in January increased damage to buds and wood in the studied varieties, while the bark was characterized by greater frost resistance. According to the degree of damage to the cortex in January, when the temperature dropped to -40°C, ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’, ‘Svezhest’, and ‘Sinap Orlovsky’ were at the control level.

Often you can observe various physiological violations, including on fruits, caused by warehouses – unfavorable growth conditions under growing plants in protected ground. Identified physiological abnormalities are the result of exceeding certain limits, when which plants can no longer normally develop to go. One of the common physiological disorders – tissue rupture in tomato fruits, express-cracks in various directions and depths on the surface of the fruit. Tissue rupture occurs most often in tomato fruits in the beginning stage of them maturation, which is associated with a significant decrease elasticity of the skin during this period. Meticulous adherence to growing technology, maintenance optimal microclimate in cultivation facilities and growing less sensitive hybrids reduces or avoids cracking fruit. In this article we will try to consider the problem of tissue rupture in tomato fruits when they cultivation in protected ground and the main causes of this phenomenon.

Relevance. Garden strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is one of the most popular and widespread berry crops in the world. One of the reasons for the strawberries low yields is the loss of production from fungal diseases. Especially harmful is pathogens complex affect. One of the fusariosis distinctive features is a specific etiology – the participation of a different types complex of the genus Fusarium fungi in the pathogenic process, which differ in biological properties and are adapted to certain environmental conditions. The pathogen of Botrytis cinerea gray rot parasitizes the culture year-round. Various forms of strawberry root rot caused by pathogens of the genus Phytophthora are poorly studied diseases. Oomycetes of the genus Phytophthora are sources of transient forms of apparently healthy plants withering, associated with the appearance of horns necrosis. These processes occurrence is primarily due to the high harmfulness of these pathogens, that can cause death from 40 to 78% of strawberry plants during the growing season. The object of this work was to establish the species composition of the garden strawberries diseases in the Primorsky Territory and to develop recommendations on measures to control them.Methods. The determination of pathogens was carried out by microscopy and passage of pure culture on differential media (Hella medium, carrot-sucrose agar) according to E. Blagoveshchenskaya (2015).Results. It has been established that in the Primorsky Territory, gray rot, late blight and fusariosis received the highest prevalence among diseases of under coverage strawberry. The causative agent of late blight was previously defined as Phythophtora cactorum (Lebert &. Cohn) Schröd, of the gray rot as Botrytis cinerea, of the fusariosis as Fusarium oxisporum Schlecht. ex Fr. f. sp. fragariae Winks et Williams. Gumat K, Agat-25K, Switch 62.5 WG, Teldor 50 WG are effective drugs to contain its harmfulness and spread. As a result of the measures taken, the spread of the disease decreased to 40%, productivity increased by 1.5 times.

Relevance. Root chicory is a valuable economic crop. However, its attractiveness for the producer is reduced due to the high labor intensity of cultivation and a high proportion of manual labor, primarily when harvesting root crops. Modern agricultural production is in urgent need of new varieties of root chicory that combine high yields and the necessary chemical and technological qualities, having the form of a root crop suitable for mechanized harvesting and adapted to cultivation in the soil and climatic conditions of the non-Chernozem zone of Russia. The purpose of this work is to test varieties of root chicory in a collection nursery in the Yaroslavl region.Material and methods. The research was conducted at the the Yaroslavl region. The material for research was three varieties of Dutch selection Wixor RS, Rexor RS, Luxor. The experience is based on the "Guidelines for the study and maintenance of the world's collection of root crops", recommended by VIR. Vavilov.Results. Investigated varieties in the soil and climatic conditions of the non-black earth zone of Russia were distinguished by a short root crop (up to 25 cm long) with a large diameter (up to 9 cm). We recommend them as donors in the selection of root chicory for suitability for mechanized harvesting. From long-term observations, it follows that the varieties Wixor RS, Rexor RS and Luxor are early-maturing. The length of their vegetative period does not exceed 125 days. This group of varieties is the most valuable when breeding for early maturity. Based on the analysis of the results of economic-biological and environmental studies of Dutch varieties of root chicory, it was found that they have high average values of certain economic-valuable characteristics and stability of their manifestation over the years.

Relevance. As a source of juicy feed for livestock, fodder beet plays a leading role among fodder root crops. It plays an important role to solve the problem of improving domestic feed production, since the production of fodder beet is the most balanced in terms of carbohydrate and protein complex. A large number of feed units from the area of sowing in a complex with a high yield, a balanced mineral complex and the possibility of long-term storage makes the crop in demand for the livestock complex in Russia. The VIR fodder beet collection has a rich gene pool and, given the lack of varieties and hybrids in the State Register of the Russian Federation, is a source of raw material for domestic breeding.The purposeof the study is to identify the potential of the collection of fodder beet in the most important areas of modern crop selection. Materials and methods. The experiment involved a representative sample of 190 accessions that were grown in the vegetable crop rotation of the Research and Production Base of Pushkin Laboratories of the VIR from 2015 to 2019. Description and biochemical studies were carried out according to the VIR Guidelines. Results. The characteristics of fodder beet cultivars with signs of high yield, productivity, resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, suitability for mechanized harvesting and storability were given. There was a manifestation of axenium resistance of the culture to cercosporosis due to morphophysiological characteristics of the leaf apparatus of plants. Conclusions.The VIR fodder beet collection has a wide variety and well-studied gene pool, which is the potential to create the modern varieties and hybrids of crops with a complex of economically valuable characteristics, which are necessary for their high-tech production.

To improve the quality of vegetable growing products, it is important to develop breeding and seed production of vegetable crops, as the variety and high-quality seeds are the main elements of modern crop cultivation zonal technologies. At the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Vegetable Center" (FSBSI FSVC), vegetable crop breeding has been put on the innovative path of development, where modern methods are used along with classical ones: molecular markers on the main of economical important plant determinants, accelerated creation of homogeneous lines using the methods of doubled haploids and biotechnology of functional products for healthy nutrition. As a result of purposeful selection work, domestic varieties and hybrids of vegetable crops with fundamentally new qualities were created. The geographical location of the branches of the Center allows you to create breeding achievements for all potential regions of vegetable growing. In 2019, 36 varieties and hybrids of vegetables and melon crops were created, including cabbage, carrot, tomato, onion, onion Shallot, perennial onion, garlic, peas, bean, cowpea, pumpkin, cucumber, sugar corn, green vegetables culture, spicy-flavouring plant and floral crops. In order to provide the industry with pure-grade quality seed material and increase the productivity of crops due to the full use of the potential of the variety in the FSBSI FSVC, constant work is carried out in primary seed production. Zonal cultivation technologies have been developed that will allow growing domestic products in different soil and climatic conditions of the country. Wide introduction of achievements of the Russian vegetable growing science in agricultural production is capable to provide the population of the Russian Federation with high-quality, domestic products. | Для повышения качества продукции овощеводства важно развивать селекцию и семеноводство овощных культур, т. к. сорт и высококачественные семена – главные элементы современных зональных технологий возделывания с.-х. культур. В ФГБНУ "Федеральный научный центр овощеводства" селекция овощных культур поставлена на инновационный путь развития, где наряду с классическими используются современные методы: молекулярное маркирование по основным хозяйственным признакам, ускоренное создание однородных линий с применением методов удвоенных гаплоидов и биотехнологии продуктов функционального назначения для здорового питания. В результате целенаправленной селекционной работы созданы отечественные сорта и гибриды овощных культур с принципиально новыми качествами. Географическое положение филиалов Центра позволяет создавать селекционные достижения для всех потенциальных зон овощеводства. За 2019 г. создано 36 сортов и гибридов овощебахчевых культур, в числе которых капуста белокочанная, морковь столовая, томат, лук репчатый, шалот, многолетние луки, чеснок, горох, фасоль, вигна, тыква, огурец, кукуруза сахарная, зеленные, пряно-вкусовые и цветочные культуры. Для обеспечения отрасли чистосортным качественным посевным материалом и повышения продуктивности посевов за счет полного использования потенциальных возможностей сорта в ФГБНУ ФНЦО ведется постоянная работа в первичном семеноводстве. Разработанные зональные технологии возделывания позволят выращивать отечественную продукцию в различных почвенно-климатических условиях страны. Широкое внедрение достижений российской овощеводческой науки в с.-х. производство способно обеспечить население РФ качественной отечественной продукцией.

Тыквенные растения - ценные овощебахчевые культуры (тыква, арбуз, дыня, кабачок, патиссон, огурец, люффа, момордика, лагенария, ангурия и др.), охватывающие широкое разнообразие жизненных форм растений. Плоды и семена этих культур имеют важное пищевое значение. Рассмотрен существующий ассортимент тыквы, кабачка, патиссона, арбуза, дыни в Российской Федерации, согласно Государственному реестру селекционных достижений, допущенных к использованию. По каждой культуре выделены сорта, выращиваемые более 45–75 лет. Проведенный анализ отечественных и иностранных сортов и гибридов позволил разделить их на группы по скороспелости, использованию, регионам выращивания, количеству выведения селекционно-семеноводческими учреждениями. Дан анализ динамики сортового состава тыквы, кабачка, патиссона, арбуза, дыни, т.е. культур, селекция которых ведется наиболее интенсивно. Определены перспективные направления селекции тыквенных культур: селекция кустовых и короткоплетистых форм для продолжительного хранения плодов (с периодом 6–9 месяцев с толстой, плотной кожурой), на голосемянность (снижает затраты труда на их очистку, содержат до 45–50% масла), с и высоким содержанием каротина (до 30 мг%) и сахаров (до 15%); для переработки (толщина мякоти от 3 см, ярко-оранжевая, плотная, сочная, ароматная), с порционными плодами (плоды небольшой массы - 2–3 кг), насыщенностью женскими цветками и слабым ветвлением и другие. | Pumpkin plants are valuable vegetable and melon crops (pumpkin, watermelon, melon, squash, cucumber, luffa, momordica, lagenaria, anguria, etc.), covering a wide variety of plant life forms. The fruits and seeds of these crops are of great nutritional value. The existing assortment of a pumpkin, vegetable marrow, bush pumpkin, watermelon, melon in the Russian Federation, according to the State register of the selection achievements admitted to use is considered. On each culture the grades which were grown for more then 45–75 years are allocated. The carried out analysis of domestic and foreign grades and hybrids has allowed dividing them into groups on precocity, use, cultivation regions, quantity of deducing by selection-seed-growing establishments. There is given an analysis of the varietal composition of pumpkin, zucchini, squash, watermelon, that is, crops which are bred most intensively. Perspective directions of selection of pumpkin crops have been defined: selection for bush and short-walled forms for long-term storage of fruits (with a period of 6–9 months with a thick, dense peel), for gymnospermy (reduces labor costs for their cleaning, contain up to 45–50% oil), for high carotene (up to 30 mg%) and sugars (up to 15%), for processing (pulp thickness from 3 cm, bright orange, dense, juicy, aromatic), with portioned fruits (fruits of small mass - 2–3 kg), saturation of female flowers and weak branching, etc.

Анализ изображений является доступным методом преобразования качественных переменных в количественные. Рассмотрена разработка в области компьютерного анализа изображений, которая улучшает понимание морфологии семян с точки зрения параметров их радиальной разнокачественности: размера, формы и цветовой гаммы. Цель работы - измерение геометрических показателей и анализа цветовых признаков семянок лука Кристофа (Allium cristophii Trautv.) в цветовом пространстве RGB, и выявление особенностей, обусловленных разноярусным расположением в соцветии. Проанализированы разнокачественные семена A. cristophii из биоколлекции Всероссийского НИИ овощеводства. Измерение морфометрических и оптических параметров семян осуществляли путем анализа их изображений с помощью программного обеспечения "ВидеоТест-Морфология". Проведенный анализ показал, что длина и ширина семянок с нижнего яруса составили 3,301 и 2,681 мм, со среднего – 3,295 и 2,605 мм и с верхнего яруса – 3,265 и 2,58 мм соответственно. Средний размер семянок с нижнего яруса находился на уровне 2,99 мм, среднего – 2,95 мм и нижнего яруса – 2,92 мм. Выявлено статистически значимое снижение показателей по всем цветовым каналам (RGB) от нижнего яруса к верхнему. Ярусное расположение цветков на соцветии является причиной неодновременного созревания семянок Allium. Оперативная легкость, низкая стоимость коммерческих компьютерных технологий, неразрушающий анализ семян и сортировка подчеркивают потенциал этого метода для применения в семенных лабораториях. | An image analysis is an accessible method of transforming qualitative variables to quantitative variables. There has been examined the development in the field of computer image analysis that improves the understanding of seed morphology in terms of their radial heterogeneity parameters: size, shape and color range. The aim of the work was to measure geometric indicators and to analyze the color characteristics of Persian onion (Allium cristophii Trautv.) seeds in the RGB color space, and to reveal the peculiarities determined by the multi-tiered arrangement in the inflorescence. The heterogeneous seeds A. cristophii from All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing biocollection of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center were analyzed. The morphometric and optical parameters of the seeds were measured by analyzing their images using the VideoTesT-Morphology software. The analysis as carried out showed that the length and width of the seeds from the lower tier were 3.301 and 2.681 mm, from the average – 3.295 and 2.605 mm and from the upper tier – 3.265 and 2.58 mm respectively. The average seed size from the lower tier was 2.99 mm, the average size was 2.95 mm and the lower tier was 2.92 mm. A statistically significant decrease in the indicators over all color channels (RGB) from the lower tier – to the upper tier was revealed. The tiered arrangement of flowers on the inflorescence is the cause of non-time maturation of Allium seeds. Operational ease, low cost commercial computer technology, non-destructive seed analysis and sorting, highlight the potential of this method for application in a seed laboratory.

Cтоловые корнеплоды (морковь, свекла столовая, редис, репа, пастернак и др.) являются источниками разнообразных витаминов и биологически активных веществ, поэтому они популярны во всем мире. Значительную долю в структуре производства и посевных площадей занимают морковь и свекла столовая. Согласно данным FAOSTAT, в 2018 г. в РФ произведено 1508 тыс. т моркови и 837 тыс. т свеклы столовой, что составляет 60% и 30% соответственно от существующих потребностей, даже импорт этой продукции не позволяет полностью их удовлетворить. Исходя из стратегии продовольственной безопасности, для повышения обеспеченности населения отечественной продукцией необходимо не только увеличение посевных площадей, но и быстрое внедрение сортов и гибридов F1 отечественной селекции, отвечающих требованиям промышленных технологий. С учетом этих требований в Федеральном научном центре овощеводства созданы сорта и гибриды столовых корнеплодов. Морковь столовая: F1 Надежда (сортотип Нантская), F1 Риф (сортотип Шантенэ) с урожайностью более 90 т/га, высокой выровненностью, сохранностью 95-98%, групповой устойчивостью к болезням хранения, сорт Маргоша (сортотип Нантская/Берликум) со стабильной урожайностью до 90 т/га, высокой экологической пластичностью. Одно-двусемянные сорта свеклы столовой: Бордо односемянная, Любава, Гаспадыня, с уровнем товарности 95-98%, с интенсивно окрашенной мякотью без четко выраженных колец. Репа японская Гейша и Снегурочка со съедобными листьями и сочной нежной мякотью корнеплода и ультраскороспелые формы Сапфир, Бирюза и Селекта для проточной гидропоники; скороспелые сорта редиса Ария, Соната, Миф и Мавр, устойчивые к стеблеванию и высоким содержанием аскорбиновой кислоты. Внедрение указанных сортов и гибридов в производство обеспечит хозяйствам стабильную прибыль. Государственная поддержка отечественных селекционеров поможет сделать овощеводство инвестиционно привлекательной отраслью. | Table root crops: carrots, beetroot, radish, turnips and parsnips and others are sources of various vitamins and biologically active substances, so, they are popular in the world. A significant share in the structure of production and acreage is occupied by carrot and beetroot. According to the FAOSTAT data, in 2018, the Russian Federation produced 1508 thousand t of carrot and 837 thousand t of beetroot, which is 60 and 30%, respectively, of the existing needs, even the import of these products does not fully meet them. Based on the strategy of food security, in order to increase the population's supply with domestic products, it is necessary not only to increase the acreage, but also to quickly introduce F1 varieties and hybrids of domestic selection that meet the requirements of industrial technologies. Given these requirements, the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center has developed varieties and hybrids table root crops. Carrot F1 Nadezda (variety Nantskaya), F1 Rif (variety Shantane) with a stable yield of more than 90 t/ha, high uniformity, safety 95-98%, group resistance to storage diseases, Margosha variety (variety Nantskaya /Berlicum) with a stable yield at least 100 t/ha, high environmental resistance; single- and double-seeded varieties of beets, Bordo odnosemyannaya, Lubava, Gaspadynya, with a marketability level of 95-98%, intensely colored pulp without clearly defined rings; Japanese Geisha and Snegurochka turnips with edible leaves and juicy tender root pulp and ultra-ripe forms of Sapfir, Biryuza and Selekta for flow hydroponics; precocious varieties of radish Aria, Sonata, Mif and Mavr resistant to shooting and with a high ascorbic acid content.