It is necessary not only to possess the technology to grow seeds but also to have knowledge of plant biology in particular crop, and sowing qualities of its seeds. The particular place where seeds are forming on the mother plant has much influence on qualities of sowing seed material. The influence of the development of red beet plant bush on seed productivity, monogermity and sowing qualities of seeds was estimated in Rostov oblast. The main stalk pruning and application of plant growth retardants had an effect on the structure of red beet bush. In variants given in seed plants, the third type of branching prevailed due to lack or oppression of main stalk. Consequently, the seed yield and proportion of single fruit formation rose. It was also shown that due to treatment of plants with growth retardant ‘Floron’ at the stage of waxen maturity significantly improved the seed germination as compared with control variant. As a result of the study it was shown that the mechanical pruning of main stalk and application of growth retardants had affected on the structure of seed red beet bush increasing the yield mono-seed compounds as well as had improved the yield and seed quality of monogerm red beet.

The modern technologies for production of high yield in vegetable crops in agroindustrial complexes provide the development of optimal conditions for plant nutrition including the application of microelements and biologically active substances (BAS). The study of productivity in tomato with application of microelements and biologically active substances were carried out in unstable moisturization in Stavropol region at the facilities of Educational and Experimental Station FSBEI HE Stavropol SAU in 2015-2016. The aim was to study productivity in tomato with application of microelements and biologically active substances on the basis of calculated norms of fertilizers. The objects of the study were tomato hybrid ‘Premium F1’, Agromix, and different BAS. Calculated dose of fertilizers on predicted tomato yield of 80 t/ha according to experimental protocol was N130Р150К170, where this norm was regarded as a control. Mineral fertilizers were added to basic fertilizer and included as extra feeding supplied through drip irrigation system. Agromix was applied as part of foliar dressing through drip irrigation, while BAS was used only as foliar dressing. The data on development of vegetative and generative plant organs, biochemical composition and yield characteristics of tomato fruit were analyzed. As a result of the study, it was shown that experimental tomato plants significantly differed from control ones not only by yield capacity and quality, but also the morphological characteristics. With application Agromix and BAS the area of leaf surface, stem diameter, degree of fruit formation, average fruit weight increased by 0.004-0.04 m2, 0.2-0.3 cm., 39%, and 8-16 g., per plant respectively. With application of N130Р150К170, Agromix, amino acids and epibrassinolide in different combinations, the dry matter content in fruit, sugar content, sugar and acid index and vitamin C content were increased as compared with control by 0.07-0.15%, 0.12-0.26%, 1.21.7 and 0.6-1.3 mg %, respectively, while nitrate content was decreased by 14.0-17.5 mg/kg. Application of microelements and BAS in the system of tomato plant nutrition increased tomato yield by 0.6-4.3 t/ha as compared with control variant. The highest yield was obtained in the experiment with combined application of N130Р150К170, Agromix, amino acids and epibrassinolide in plant feeding system. As a result of study, it was shown that highest productivity in tomato was obtained with combined feeding with microelements and BAS on the basis calculated norms of fertilizers.

As a result of the research carried out in 2013-2016, the viability and originality of 1157 accessions of root vegetables have been preserved. 250 breeding accessions of carrot, beetroot and radish have been assessed for different economically valuable traits in open field and laboratory tests. Out of them, 65 accessions were selected out as sources of economically valuable traits. The early-maturing accessions of radish, such as ‘Korsar’, ‘Francuzsky Zavtrak’, ‘Mikhnevsky 1’, ‘18 Dney’, ‘Koroleva Margo’, ‘Polyna’, ‘Rozovo-Krasny s Belym Konchikom’, ‘Sofit’, ‘Kvarta’, ‘Saksa’, ‘Variant’ were regarded. The carrot accessions, such as ‘Scarlet’, ‘Koroleva Oseni’, ‘Dlinnaya Krasnaya’ were distinguished as sources of high yield capacity. The sources of high root yield in beetroot were varieties: ‘Valenta’, ‘Mestnaya iz Madagaskara’, Goldiers Super Black Beet, Zwaans Early Red Chief. The long shelf-life during wintertime was observed in beetroot varieties: ‘Slowiblot’, ‘Valenta’, ‘Lomarina’. The varieties: ‘Nevezhes’, ‘Neger Schwarz Halblange’, ‘Goldiers Super Black Beet’ were distinguished by high root marketability. With the use of world plant collection at VIR, the following varieties of root vegetables: ‘Dar Podmoskovya’ in carrot; ‘Osennya Princessa’ in beetroot; ‘Mikhnevskiy 1 ‘in garden radish; ‘Osenniy Krasavets’ in daikon; ‘Albina’ in root parsley; ‘Atlant’ in parsnip; Moscowskiy Krasavets in celery, and ‘Oseniya Udacha’ in wild radish were developed. It was also shown those varieties that had high yield capacity and root marketability were distinguished by small epidermal cell structure and large number of stomata per unit of leaf surface. It may be supposed that the large number of stomata per unit of leaf surface and small epidermal cell structure was the evidence of adaptive capacity of accessions taken for the study.

Presently, rutabaga can be regarded as not widespread vegetable in Russia; nevertheless it is very valuable for its biochemical composition. Therefore, it is important to provide the its marketability and preserve it among common vegetable crops. Cultivars and hybrids of different specifications and economically valuable traits are required. Multi-year results on study of collection of rutabaga to select out promising accessions for breeding program are given in the article. The very important aim, on which the most consideration is taken, is to develop the cultivars suitable for mechanized harvesting with resistance to diseases and pests, with stable quality and yield ability. As a result, 18 table and fodder cultivars characterized by early maturation, stable yield ability per year have been selected out and recommended. Among them the promising accessions with fast maturation, high yield ability, resistance to diseases and pests, high consumer’s quality of roots. As it has been shown there are not cultivars completely immune to most dangerous pathogens, only few breeding accessions bore resistance of different levels. Therefore, it needs to select the genetic sources possessing the resistance of different level to clubroot, powdery mildew, downy mildew, and storage diseases. The selected accessions are recommended to develop hybrids F1. The accessions with high content of dry matter (11.0%-13.0%) and sugar (7.0%-9.0%) are ‘Brukva Zhjoltaya’ (Poland), ‘Kohlruben’, ‘Seegold’ (Germany), ‘Pajbjerg Sana’ (Danmark), ‘Frankenschtolz’, ‘Angela’ (Germany), Shedskaya Zhjoltaya (Russia) and ‘Mestniy Sort’ (Belgium). The accessions with decreased content of mustard oil are ‘Koalrot Banholm’ (Norway), ‘Krasnoselskaya’ (Russia), ‘Fenix’ (Sweden) and ‘Seegold’ (Germany).

Pink tomato due to their high taste quality is particularly important crop for consumers in Russia. Pink tomato seeds become more popular in the market every year. Breeders have accomplished to combine high fruit taste quality with good transportation abilities and fruit denseness. One of the latest breeding achievement is Cetus F1. A successful combination of good fruit taste with transportability and yield makes this variety a potential leader in Russian market. This is confirmed by growers' trials in various regions of South of Russia.

Winter garlic as a source of vitally necessary macro and microelements is very important in human's diet. Therefore, correlation links among accumulation the basic chemical elements in bulbs of winter garlic were estimated. It was shown that positive reliable relationship (r=0.71-0.85) was discovered between average potassium accumulation and elements, such as magnesium, aluminum and boron, and also between magnesium and boron accumulation, and between aluminum and magnesium. The correlation analysis showed negative relationship between cadmium accumulation with copper (r=-0.71) and silicon (r=- 0.66) accumulations. There is no significant relationship between lead accumulation and other element accumulation. The significant positive correlation was revealed between accumulation of radionuclides 90Sr, 137Cs in garlic bulbs and accumulations of aluminum, calcium, boron and magnesium with coefficients 0.74 and 0.85; 0.70 and 0.78; 0.65 and 0.77; 0.57 and 0.72, respectively. It was shown that accessions more resistant to diseases accumulated less cadmium (r=-0.47), but more lead (r=0.49). Moreover, it was noticed that accessions with high accumulation of potassium had the low percent of well-wintered bulbs (r=-0.57), but more accumulation of Zn and Fe caused the improved hardiness (r=0.80, 0.75, respectively).

The most part of tomatoes cultivated in Astrakhan oblast are transported in industrial centers of Russian Federation. Introduction of new cultivars suitable for mechanized harvesting and transportation has a considerable significance for tomato production in Nizhniye Povolzhye, and consequently, increases the profitability of vegetable production. At All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable, Melon and Ground Growing several new-bred tomato cultivars passed the trial test, and thus, were shown to meet all requirements for upto-date agricultural technology.Two tomato cultivars 'Bokserskiy' and 'Klasicheskiy' were bred on the base of experimental data. These cultivars exceeded the standard 'Moriyana' in yield capacity, fruit weight, and had nearly equal biochemical composition. According to results obtained, it was shown that the fruits of cultivars 'Bokserskiy' and 'Klassicheskiy' were suitable for mechanized harvesting and long distance transportation.

In the genus Solanum there are a number of less common vegetables. S. aethiopicum L. and S. macrocarpon L. are a two popular species of eggplant, traditionally grown in tropical Africa. The object of research was breeding lines and hybrids of S. melongena L. and accessions of S. aethiopicum and S. macrocarpon. Plants were grown in condition of low-capacity hydroponics according to all agrotechnical requirements. The fruits for analysis were collected from one layer of plants at the phase of technical maturity. Phenolic compounds are unique secondary metabolites that are synthesized in all plant cells and have increasingly wide application in pharmacology and medicine. Flavonoids was in the range of 0.7-1.1% in lines and F1 hybrids of S. melongena, however more flavonoids was obtained in the African eggplant accessions, such as S. aethiopicum L., 1,4% and S. macrocarpon L., 1.2%. The total content of phenolic compounds was in the range of 1.7-2.3% in the pulp of S. melongena L. fruits. The total content of phenol carbonic acids ranged from 1.0-1.5% in the lines and hybrids F1 studied, as referred to S. melongena. The content of phenol carbonic acids is higher from 1.5% to 1.8% in S. aethiopicum and S. macrocarpon. In the pulp of the interspecific hybrid fruits the total content of flavonoids and phenol carbonic acids was 2.6-2.7% that was 1.5 times as much as in S. melongena.

Napa cabbage is well spread in Japan, China, Korea, but it is not so well known in Far-Eastern regions of Russia. Since 2012 the collection of hybrid accessions has been evaluated at agrobiological station of Blagoveschensk State Pedagogical University located in western part of Blagoveschensk. Twenty local and foreign hybrids have been studied. As a result, seven highly-yielding accessions of different terms of maturity have been selected and included into State Register of Breeding Achievements of Russian Federation.  The  complex  assessment of  most  promising hybrids for uniform heads and excellent consumer’s characteristics has been performed  under the condition  of south zone of Amur oblast.

Humic compounds occupy the important place in the chain plant – water. Their application in technologies for vegetable plant growing with the use of drip irrigation enables to increase the coefficient of nutrient compound assimilation from soil with applied fertilizers. The preparation ‘Lighohumate’ presented in the article is integrated fertilizer, possessing the properties of anti-stress, immunomodulator and sticking agent. This preparation has the highest content of humic acids to 20% for liquid and to 90% for dried, consequently it has a powerful influence on plant organism, opening hidden biological  reserves, and improving  the crop  productivity.  The experimental tests showed that ‘Lighohumate’ application trough drip irrigation system together with foliage fertilizers had given significant yield augmentation; 5-20% depending on medium and technology in vegetable crops cultivated with different agricultural techniques. The permanent speeding-up from 3 to 12 days was noticed in the course of plant development with increase of early yield outcome. ‘Lighohumate’  can be used as seed treatment agent as well as foliage fertilizer and already applied giving a result in many vegetable production enterprises.