European Union countries are considered most important markets for imported Egyptian potatoes, and despite of that, the quantity of Egyptian exports from this crop is not appropriate with the export potential of Egypt. The study aims to identify the current status of Egyptian potatoes exports to the European Union, a study of the competitive situation of Egyptian potatoes in the most important markets within the European Union and finally, estimate the demand function of Egyptian potatoes in the most important EU markets. The study concluded that Italy and Greece are the most important EU markets importing Egyptian potatoes. This amount was about 64.3%, 66.8% of the average total quantity and value of Egyptian exports of potatoes to the European Union during the period (2000-2014) respectively, and their imports increased annually at different rates during the period (1995–2014). The market share of Egyptian potatoes within the EU market is very small with the exception of the Greece market and the Italian market.   Based on such results, the study recommends the following   Focus on increasing exports of Egyptian potatoes to countries with a high volume of imports of potatoes such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and France. To review the prices of potatoes exports to Italy and the most suitable periods of increasing its quantity to this market, taking care that this does not put the Egyptian potatoes in a price competition with French and German potatoes. Continuation and further work on improving the quality of potatoes, in addition to the expansion in the cultivation of potatoes in the brown rot-free, so as to benefit from competitive advantages in the markets of the EU, especially Italian and Greece markets, making it possible to sustain Egypt's share in both markets, and take advantage from the price competition in the Greece market. Necessity follows flexible price policies for the Egyptian potatoes exports to Greece, which could increase its exports to this market and take advantage of price competition in this market. Necessity continue studying the ratio between export prices of Egyptian potatoes to the markets of the EU, and the export price for countries competing in these markets in general, and each of the Italian and Greece market in particular. So as to achieve the continuity and stability of this ratio, or at least achieve the stability of the quantities exported of Egyptian potatoes to both markets at the same time. Studying the prices of potatoes and seed special analytical study as Shafik in a study. Abolition of government intervention and control of prices, as Wali pointed out in the study of the abolition of control of prices and reduce supply. Abdul Rahim also mentioned in this study the effects of the liberalization of the prices of agricultural inputs and outputs on crop composition. Find alternatives to price policies for the development of Egyptian potatoes as a strong competitor in the European market with a competitive advantage price, as indicated by Azza in the study of alternatives to agricultural price policy and the effects of the Egyptian economic. Put the potatoes in the composition of a crop compatible with contemporary economic variables as explained Abdel-Maksoud

is study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant activities of Moringa Oleifera Lam (MO) extracts, and their protective effects in acetaminophen (APAP)- induced liver injury in rats caused by oxidative damage. The antioxidants activities of ethanolic, aqueous and hexane extracts of different MO edible parts were investigated by DPPH radical scavenging capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. The ethanolic extracts of different parts of MO were found to have higher antioxidant capacity compared to the aqueous and hexane extracts. The flowers ethanolic extract has the highest total antioxidants capacity among the other different parts of MO follo wed by leaves, pods, roots and finally seeds. HPLC-MS scanning of ethanolic leave extracts showed the presence of flavonoid derivates Apigenin, quercetin and kaempferol in addition to chlorogenic acid.  In the hepatoprotective study, either leaves or pods extracts (300mg/Kg bw or 600mg/Kg bw stomach tube orally) were administrated to rats one hour prior to administration of a single dose of APAP (4g/Kg bw by stomach tube orally). The hepatoprotective activity of MO leaves and pods extracts were followed for 21 days by observed in the levels of liver markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the levels of oxidative damage markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT), wich analysed and compared between groups pretreated with MO extracts +APAP to those treated with  APAP alone. The outcome of this parameters indicate reduction in the severity of liver damage in group treated with MO extracts + APAP and compared to those treated with APAP alone . Also, histopathological examination of liver tissues of rats treated with MO extracts showed an improvement at the end of experiment.  The results of this study indicate the hepatoprotective properties of MO leaves and pods ethanolic extracts against liver injury and thereby signify its traditional use.

Defatted rice bran (DRB) and hydrolyzed defatted rice bran (DRBT) were prepared from rice bran meal (RBM). Proximate composition, oil and water binding capacities, emulsifying and foaming characteristics were determined. Effect of different substitution of DRB and DRBT as Fat replacers in biscuit on the farenograph parameters and sensory characteristics were also evaluated. The total protein, ash and crude fiber were significantly (P≤0.05) increased in each of DRB and DRBT compared to RBM. Defatted rice bran protein hydrolyzed improved the DRBT water, oil absorption index being 1.7. Used each of DRB or DRBT gave high emulsifying activity and stability indices in casein model system. The same trend was observed with foam activity and stability indices in egg albumin system. farenogram parameters significant (P≤0.05) affected by using DRB and DRBT. The prepared biscuits samples had high sensory scores with 10 to 50 % DRB and DRBT attributes and recorded non-significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to control sample.

This experiment was carried out during 2015 and 2016 experimental seasons to investigate the effect of spraying with moringa extract at 3%, garlic extract at 3% or ascorbic acid at 300 ppm on fruit set, yield and fruit quality of Khadrawi date palm cultivar. Anyhow, bunches were sprayed at three times (3 hours before pollination then 4 and 8 weeks after pollination). The present results indicated that spraying date palm bunches with moringa extract or garlic extract recorded the highest initial fruit set in the first and second seasons, respectively. As well as, moringa extract gave the highest fruit retention and yield in both seasons. In addition, all treatments improved some fruit physical characteristics i.e. fruit weight, flesh weight, fruit volume and fruit length compared to the control treatment in the two studied seasons. Also, results showed that moringa extract or ascorbic acid increased TSS%, total sugars % and reducing sugars % in both seasons compared to the control. Meanwhile, the lowest fibers % was obtained by garlic extract in the two seasons. Also, all treatments had no significant effect on total acidity % and tannins content in both seasons.

Energy sources represent one of the most important inputs of the production process without which the production process can't begin or continue. The process of fossil fuels production has Longley been associated with large amounts of emitted pollutants into the atmosphere starting through the industrial revolution at the beginning of the last century and up to nowadays, causing high levels of pollution that have threatened the human presence on earth. Fossil fuels has three main problems: the first is polluting the environment and the second is that it is steadily depleting and the third is that it has a decreasing supply function, contrary to its increasing demand, which has led to a steady increase in its international prices. It is a must and not a luxury. These made the world to produce the biogas and its secondary product "the biogas compost" which environmentally and economically compatible compared to other alternatives offered in the global market.  In Egypt, the problem of fuel is more acute, especially in the desert provinces, where the challenges of shortage of supply of LPGs combine with increasing demand due to rapid population increase with spatial spacing between production  and distribution areas accompanied by transportation, storage and handling risks, In a short period of time, all of which are a constant pressure on the balance of the local market for fuel, especially gas cylinders (LPG). Increasing carbon emissions from different sectors especially transport and agriculture (with regard to the accumulation and unsustainable handling of agricultural wastes) and the industrial sector pose significant challenges to environmental safety in Egypt. Which makes these factors a pressure pathway for the state to encourage the spread of the use of biogas technology in the agricultural sector, especially as it save the foreign currency through the provision of a complete decomposed, free of parasites, and low cost fertilizer in addition to it doesn't cause environmental pollution compared to other high-cost organic fertilizers and extremely expensive and environmentally pollutant chemical ones. The study found that the size of the most common fermenter in the category of small-size fermenters is 6 m 3 because it has a high economic return.  The research concluded that in biogas production units studied in the newly reclaimed areas of three Governorates (South Sinai, Fayoum, Assiut), net profit reached the end of life of the project, estimated at about 15 years, is about 42642 LE. The average annual profit per unit (4240 LE), IRR (15%), and the total cost recovery period of the unit are estimated at (7 years).   A sensitivity analysis of 10% found that    First    Increase costs by 10%     Net profit of LE 40454.  The average annual profit is LE 3424.  Internal rate of return (IRR) 15%  The total cost recovery period for the unit is 7 years.    Second    Revenues decrease by 10%     Net profit of LE 3622.  The average annual profit is LE 3075.  Internal rate of return (IRR) 15%   The total cost recovery period for the unit is 7 years   Third    Increase costs by 10% and decrease revenue by 10% together     Net profit of LE 34014.  The average annual profit is 3000 pounds.  Internal rate of return (IRR) 15%  The total cost recovery period for the unit is 7 years    The study recommends the use of 6 m3 biogas fermenters in the agriculture sector for heating, lighting and cooking purposes especially in newly reclaimed lands to provide energy and organic fertilizers to ensure the sustainability of the environmental resources in these virgin areas and the success of production processes economically.

The objective of this present study is Studying the effect of crossing and reciprocal cross on productive performance, Fertility and hatchability for local chicken. The experiment was carried out in the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture - Ain Shams University. Their experimental research began when birds from two local breeds 22 week of age, where, sixty chickens (30 Fayoumi breeds, 30 Sinai breeds).were used at 26 weeks of age semen was collected artificially from 12 cocks (6 Fayoumi , 6 Sinai).semen from each cock artificially inseminated 48 female within each breed. Were attribution taken to be a parent stock. They were housed in batteries and then they transferred into individual batteries until the end of the experiment (36 weeks of age). The two breeds were mated and four crosses were produced Male Fayoumi*Female Fayoumi (FF) , Male Fayoumi*Female Sinai (FS) ,Male Sinai*Female Sinai(SS) , Male Sinai*Female Fayoumi (SF) After the second generation hatching ,the resolutely indicated that (FF) breed had the highest Fertility percent while the (SF)cross was the highest Hatchability calculated from the total eggs and also from fertile eggs . and Individual body weight (in grams) was recorded for each sex separately within each breed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 weeks of age. Male Sinai*Female Fayoumi (SF) was found to be the best breeds in terms of body weight and vitality and better in food conversion. The most important results observed from this study indicated that the (SF) cross had the best in fertility, the best hatchability calculated from total and fertile eggs, body weight and body weight gain.    So, it could be concluded that, cross procedure could be used in order to achieve genetic improvement from local breeds, which mean the possibility of increasing our production and hence on consumption from our local breeds and reducing on dependence from foreign breeds.

The study aimed to identify an evaluation of pre-service training on the performance of agriculture Faculty students, Mansoura University in the transfer of extension knowledge to their peers in public health field. The data were collected from 504 students representing an accident sample from the second and third levels of the Faculty for determination of the training needs in public health field during the period from October to November 2016 by personal interview. A purposive sample of 12 students was chosen and trained to transfer extension knowledge, the highest needed field, to their peers during the period from September to December 2017.  Arithmetic mean, (t) test paired and (t) test for independent samples were used as statistical tools for analyzing data and deducing results. 1- The highest needed training field from the studied public health fields was smoking and addiction (52.58%). 2- The trained students who evaluated the training session exhibited a high level of satisfaction (87.7%). 3-  There were significant differences (P < 0.01) between the knowledge degree  means of the students before and after the training program implementation related to knowledge transfer in the smoking and addiction field. 4- There were significant differences (P < 0.01 ( between the knowledge degree means of the two groups which received knowledge from the trained specialist and non-specialist students before and after knowledge transfer process in the smoking and addiction field. 5- There were insignificant differences between the knowledge degree means of the two groups which received knowledge from the non-trained specialist and nonspecialist students before and after knowledge transfer process in the smoking and addiction field. 6- There were significant differences in the knowledge degree means between the two specialist groups which methodologically and non-methodologically received knowledge in the smoking and addiction field.  There were significant differences in the knowledge degree means between the two nonspecialist groups which methodologically and nonmethodologically received knowledge in the smoking and addiction field.

Agricultural land holdings went through several changes during the period 1929-2010 due to the changes in the economic orientations and the underpinning economic policies. The study shows that average area of a land holding has declined from 6.13 feddan in 1929 to about 2.19 feddan in 2010. However the average area of a land holding in the old lands has declines from 1.93 feddan in year 2000 to 1.61 feddan in 2010. In contrast the average area of a land holding in the new lands is almost fixed at 9.6-9.7 feddan during the period 2000-2010.   To assess the inequality of the distributions  of land holdings the study estimated the Gini   coefficients of land holdings for several agricultural censuses.  The Gini coefficients were rather high for the years of 1929, 1939 and 1950 with the corresponding values of 0.892, 0.783 and 0.733 respectively. After the 1952 revolution and the issuance of the land reform laws the distributions of land holdings became more equitable as it became evident from the Gini coefficients of 0.597, 0.532 and 0.582 for the years of 1960, 1980 and 1990 respectively.   But apparently there was a reversal in the distribution of agricultural land holdings as the Gini coefficient has shown an upward trend during the period 1990-2010. The Gini coefficient increased from 0.582 in 1990 to 0.628 in year 2000 and then to 0.658 in 2010. This upward trend could be explained by the tendency to concentrate the newly reclaimed agricultural lands in the hands of large farmers and investment companies.

Silicon (Si) is an element, not essential, but is beneficial for some plants. The Freundlich model was used to describe Si adsorption on soil samples incubated with different Si and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Soil incubated samples were: T1 soil had no Si or P (control); T2, T3 and T4 soils contained 50, 100, and 200 mg Si L-1, respectively. T5 and T6  soils contained 50 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1 along with T7 and T8 soil  contained 100 mg Si L-1 in combined with either  7  or 10 mg P L-1. In final, T9 and T10 soil contained 200 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1. A series of adsorption experiments were performed using sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (Na2O3Si.5H2O) solution prepared to have concentrations representing 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 mg Si L-1. The supernatant of Si concentration was determined. The amount of element adsorbed was calculated as the difference between applied element concentrations and that remaining in solution after equilibration. Adsorption isotherms were determined at room temperature (25 oC±1).   Results revealed that a positive trend was generally found; increases in amount of adsorption onto soil with increasing Si concentration and equilibrium concentration in concerned solution either applied separately or applied + initial available Si concentration in soil. The Freundlich equation provides a good fit to the sorption data for all incubated soil samples and R2 values were ranged from  0.82 to 0.97. Present study indicated that adsorption capacity value (Kf) decreased from T1 to T3 soil samples then increased at T4 sample, and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) values.   Moreover, adsorption of Si onto soil incubated with different Si concentrations in combined with P2 decreased as compared to P1. Opposite trend was obtained with equilibrium Si concentration in concerned solution. Also, present study showed that the higher values of Kf obtained in P1 soils (T5, T7 and T9), compared to Kf values of P2 soils (T6, T8 and T10), and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) in both P1 and P2 soils. Finally, large Si sorption capacity and low Si affinity for the surface sites were observed in soil incubated with high Si concentration compared to soil incubated with low ones.

Weeds are severely competition with wheat crop and it highly reduces crop yield. So, the present study was conducted on wheat cultivations during two seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to evaluated phytotoxicity effects of some herbicides on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Effectiveness of these herbicides on weed control in wheat crop and yield evaluation and quality of wheat was evaluated as well after treatment by herbicides. The field experiment was carried out in agricultural experimental station of Etay El-barod, El-Beheira Governorate, using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates for each treatment and unweeded check, having two rates of both herbicide recommended and double recommended rates (R, 2R). Treatments comprised of post-emergence application of pyroxsulam, flumetsulam+ florasulam, tribenuron-methyl, diclofop-methyl and tralkoxydim. The results indicated an increase in wheat plant height with all herbicides used compared to unweeded check. Tribenuron-methyl and flumetsulam + florasulam treatments did not cause any visible phytotoxicity, while pyroxsulam, diclofop-methyl and tralkoxydim treatments recorded a low indexes of phytotoxicity on wheat plants which disappeared completely after 8 weeks from post application, compared to unweeded check. Results also, indicated that all herbicide treatments decreased weed density. Herbicide treatments achieved the highest weed control expressed in lowest fresh weight after 56 days from application for broadleaved, grassy and  total weeds. Herbicide treatments caused an excellent increase in yield attributes (spike length, biological and grain yield) and yield quality (weight of 1000 grains, total carbohydrates and crude protein) compared to unweeded check in both seasons. The maximum grain yield was recorded at two trials by pyroxsulam compared to unweeded check.