Flusilazole and triflumizole residues in apple fruits were chemically determined at different periods after spraying of these fungicides under field conditions. The obtained results indicated that, seven days after flusilazole application, unwashed apple fruits were found contained higher residues (0.322 ppm) than the allowed tolerance level (0.2 ppm), while washed and peeled fruits were contained lower residues (0.149 and 0.087 ppm, respectively) after the same period from experiment. These residues were rapidly decreased by elapse of time, so unwashed, washed and peeled apple fruits were contained levels below the allowed MRL i.e. 0.092, 0.008 and <0 ppm, respectively after fourteen days of flusilazole application Accordingly, unwashed apple fruits could be marketed safely 14 days after flusilazole application, while washed and peeled fruits could be used safely after seven days. In the case of triflumizole, unwashed apple fruits were contained 2.030 ppm after five days of application. Such residue is higher than the tolerance value (2.0 ppm), while washed and peeled fruits were contained residues below the tolerance permissive values i.e. 1.010 and 1.970 ppm after three and one days of application, respectively. These values were rapidly decreased by time prolongation, so, unwashed, washed, and peeled apple fruits were contained residues below the allowed tolerance of 1.280, 0.490 and 0.160 ppm at seven days after triflumizole application, respectively. Accordingly, unwashed apple fruits could be marketed safely seven days after triflumizole application, while washed and peeled fruits could used safely three and one days after application, respectively.

Several soil-borne fungal pathogens attack soybean plants, causing seedling damping-off and root rot diseases, in Egypt. Isolation trials from rooted rots of soybean, collected from various locations at Gharbiya,  Kafr El-Sheikh and Minufiya governorates, revealed that Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina were the most virulent and predominant pathogens. All the tested fungicides significantly reduced linear growth of the tested pathogens. Three known bioagents i.e. Trichoderma  harzianum, T. hamatum and  Bacillus subtilis were tested against such pathogens, and revealed  remarkable  effect in reducing mycelial growth on PDA medium. T. hamatum, mainly, grew over the mycelium of the tested pathogens. Under greenhouse conditions, both the fungicides and antagonists gave significant reductions of root rot severity, but fungicides were more effective than biocontrol agents in reducing the disease. Application of the selective antagonists and fungicides significantly decreased soybean root rot than untreated check, in naturally pathogen- infested fields. Plant growth and activity of nitrogenase enzyme were enhanced greatly, when the fungicides were applied compared with antagonists treatments.

Dithiocarbamate mancozeb, an organometallic fungicide, was administered orally to male Wistar rats in two forms, pure technical 85% and formulated 80% WP, at sublethal doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. for 28 days. Clinical chemical endpoints were measured after 2, 3, and 4 weeks of treatment initiation.  Data disclosed that both compound formulations affected significantly serum enzyme activities particularly liver enzymes in a dose and time-dependent manner, compared with control. Such changes were accompanied with significant alterations in other parameters like; total protein, albumin, glucose, total lipids, triglycerides, cholestrol, urea, and creatinine.  Furthermore, histological examination of liver and kidney showed several histopathogenic ubnormalities in the examined tissues of rats exposed to mancozeb either technical or formulated.