The effect of incorporation of barley whole meal (BWM) whether in ice milk (IM) as skim milk powder (SMP) substitute, in tomato soup (ST) as modified starch substitute and in Egyptian kishk (EK) as wheat flour substitute on their properties was studied. The obtained results reveal that, the substitution with BWM was associated with increases in the fiber, β-glucan, K and Mg contents in all products studied. Whereas, the protein and ash contents increased in ST samples. The freezing point of IM mixes heightened and the specific gravity lowered by BWM addition instead of SMP.  In spite of the stabilizer (CMC) level, the overrun % decreased by substitution of SMP with BWM but the melting resistance increased. Rheologically, the 50% replacement SMP with BWM achieved remarkable increase in the rheological response of IM samples especially in the presence of 0.1% CMC.  At the same time, the replacing of modified starch by 200% of BWM in ST samples resulted in increasing the shear stress value and led to a mix behavior of thixotropy and rheopectic in ST samples. Although the partial or fully replacement of wheat flour with BWM led to reduction in the thixotropy area in EK samples. Organoleptically, IM and EK with 50% BWM and ST with 200% BWM substituted gained the highest sensory scores especially in the absence of CMC in IM samples.

Soil characteristics' degradation had been considered as one of the most important problems that face the agricultural development processes under arid and semi-arid conditions due to non-suitability of the applied technologies and techniques, attributed to management considerations. Consequently, higher crop yield and quality reduction had been occurred due to the degradation of the plant healthy media (soil). Therefore, the goal of this investigation was to monitor the change detection of some soil physical and hydrophysical characteristics under sprinkler irrigated agriculture. However, the terminal objectives were to evaluate and monitor some soil characteristics changes (soil bulk density, hydraulic conductivity and soil penetration resistance) under different mode of action of sprinkler types (rotating and impact sprinkler) and corresponding nozzle sizes (small and large sizes). Hereby, field experiments were carried out for two seasons (2006 and 2007) in the Desert Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, AinShamsUniversity which is located at El-Bustan region, Behaira Governorate. Results revealed that soil characteristics were highly affected with the sprinkler mode of action and corresponding nozzle sizes. However, a power function proportion of soil penetration resistance with respect to applied rotating and impact sprinkler types and corresponding small and large nozzle sizes, had been observed and analyzed. Therefore, data analysis speculated that, selection of the appropriate sprinkler types under diverse field conditions and situations such as: crop type and design criteria of sprinkler irrigation systems, have to be considered for good agricultural development processes under Egyptian newly reclaimed regions.

s of broccoli using steam or immersion in hot water as traditional technology and storage conditions by either canning or freezing on the content of compounds with antioxidant properties, i.e. vitamin C, carotenoids, chlorophyll, polyphenol and flavonoid compounds parameters was investigated. Results show that the content of carotenoids was 11.41µg/g while the content of chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B was 30.66 and 9.79µg/g, respectively. The content of both carotenoids and total chlorophyll were decreased after being treated prior to different period storage for 3 and 6 month. Fresh broccoli had 40.45µg/g total chlorophyll this content decreased more significantly for the control (fresh broccoli) than for treated and different storage samples. The content of vitamin C was 124.24 mg/100g. Frozen broccoli after blanching by steam and immersion in hot water at 0 times decreased the percent of ascorbic to 83.85 and 75.89%, respectively.  Jarred and canned broccoli with dill, coriander and parsley additives showed decrease in ascorbic acid to 45.98 and 40.55% meanwhile, jarred and canned broccoli without additives decreased ascorbic acid to 43.34 and 39.01%, respectively. Total polyphenols and flavonoids were 276.82 and 7.64 mg/100g on fresh weight. These contents were decreased after processing and different storage conditions. The present of antioxidant activity in fresh broccoli was 75.50%. The degradation of antioxidant activity was increased after 6 month period. The highest degradation observed with canned broccoli without additive while the lowest degradation showed with frozen broccoli blanched by steam which the percents of total antioxidant activities were14.84 and 29.65 %, respectively. The content of ferrous and zinc was 6.4 and 3.9 mg/100g on dry weight. Ferrous increased to 7.0 and 8.4 mg/100g with Jarred with dill, coriander and parsley additives and storage for 3 and 6 month broccoli and to 9.3 and 8.7 mg/100g with canned broccoli with dill, coriander and parsley additives.

undesirable, depending on the application for which the yarn is being used. Hairy yarns provide good heat retention and a softer hand (feel) for finished fabrics, and except for a few special cases, when it is an excessive degree of hairiness, yarn hairiness is an undesirable property in yarn and can cause serious problems in both yarn production and in subsequent textile processes.      This search was carried out to investigate the most important fiber properties i.e. short fiber content (SFC w %), maturity ratio, micronaire value, uniformity index (UI %), fiber length (UHM) and fiber strength (g/tex) which correlated with yarn hairiness and also their relative contributions in yarn hairiness under study by using four Egyptian cotton varieties during season 2008, namely; Giza88, Giza86, Giza80 and Giza90 spun into carded ring and compact yarns at twist multiplier 3.6 and two  into counts according to the following: ring yarns were processed to carded yarns Ne 50 and 60. Compact yarns were also processed to carded yarns at the same counts. The most important results were: 1-  Yarns manufactured by the carded ring spinning frame are characterized by higher hairiness mean values in all studied varieties in comparison with those of carded compact frame. 2-   The correlation coefficients have positive signs and are very high between hairiness in yarns and short fiber content (SFC w %), on the contrary the correlation coefficients have negative signs being high or very high between maturity ratio, micronaire value, uniformity index (UI %), fiber length (UHM) and fiber strength (g/tex) and yarn hairiness in all varieties. 3-  Stepwise regression procedure was employed to determine the most effective independent variables which make the maximum contributions to the coefficient of determination (R²). The rate of improvement in yarn hairiness index due to decrease short fiber content (the larger the share of fibers in the shorter length the higher is the hairiness index), increase fiber strength (more mature fiber) and increasing fiber length (the larger the share of the fibers in longer length the lower is the hairiness index

The objectives of this research were to investigate physical, chemical and sensory quality attributes and their relation of newly formulated vegan cake. Tiger nut milk (TNM) and alginate-lecithin gel (ALG) were used as the replacement of buffalo, s milk and whole egg at the levels of 50 and 100 %, respectively, in addition to, 50 % mixture (50 % TNM and 50 % ALG) and 100 % mixture (100 % TNM and 100 % ALG) . The results revealed that the lactose content of buffalo, s milk was 5.56%, while, TNM was free lactose. TNM is a good source of many elements as buffalo, s milk such as K, P, Ca, Na and Mg. Whole egg had significantly higher foam capacity than the alginate-lecithin gel . In contrast, alginate-lecithin gel exhibited higher foam stability than whole egg. The foam volume of alginate-lecithin gel characterized with stability during 60 min under testing as compared with whole egg that collapsed after 20 min. Concerning emulsifying activity index (EAI), both ALG and whole egg not showed significant difference (p>0.05). Emulsifying stability index (ESI) of alginate-lecithin gel was stable during 60 min under testing as compared with the whole egg that was stable till 40 min. The presence of replacement increased the batter viscosity at ambient temperature over the control value from 19.65 to 21.71-44.54 poise. Among different replacement, 100 % mixtures showed the highest batter viscosity of 44.54 p followed by 100% ALG (38.72 p), 50% ALG (34.29 p) and 50% mixtures (31.03 p). Control batter had a specific gravity of 0.892 g/cc, whereas batter replacing with 50% ALG, 100% ALG, 50% mixtures and 100 % mixtures had a batter specific gravity of 0.992, 1.009, 1.013 and 1.047 g/cc, respectively. The protein and fat contents of control samples were higher (10.42% and 26.63 %, respectively) than vegan cake samples replaced with TNM and ALG. The total carbohydrate content increased with increasing the replacement levels of TNM and ALG in vegan cake. High staling values (high freshness) of vegan cake samples reached 336.59 % and 334.08 % with vegan cake containing 100 % mixtures and 100 % ALG, respectively, in comparison to the staling of control (299.19 %) at zero time. The lower reduction in staling value was achieved in vegan cake prepared 100 % mixtures and 100 % ALG, since the staling value reduced by 10.29 % and 12.41 %, respectively, in comparison to 15.68 % for control sample after 21 days of storage at room temperature. High stability in specific volume during storage was achieved in the presence of 100 % ALG and 100 % mixture since, the specific volume was reduced by only 7.88 % and 8.83 %, respectively, in comparison to 25.99 % for control sample. The presence of ALG and mixtures decreased the hardness value from 79.46 to 36.28 and 66.11 Newton, indicating improvement in the texture of cake. Cakes containing ALG and mixtures showed lower decrement in moisture content and lower increment in hardness during storage at room temperature. Cake samples prepared with different levels of ALG and mixtures were better quality and showed significantly superior sensory properties scores than cake samples prepared with different levels of TNM which coincided with control sample at zero time. Vegan cake samples stored gave higher values and were be desirable till the end of storage period. Therefore, vegan cake could be successfully made from tiger nut milk and alginate-lecithin gel as the fully replacement of buffalos, milk and whole egg, respectively. In addition to, increase freshness, specific volume and storage at room temperature for 21 days.

This work was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Nasser's   Faculty of Agricultural Sciences in Lahej Governorate, Yemen, during three   seasons 2003, 2004 and 2005. Five statistical procedures of relating yield components to yield; i.e., simple correlation coefficient, the path coefficient analysis, the stepwise regression, the multiple regressions and factor analysis were applied to seven yield contributing characters to determine their functional relationships to yield. Sixteen Maize genotypes were used in this study. Simple correlation coefficient revealed that, number of leaves/plant, ear height, ear length, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 1000-kernel weight and shelling% had the greatest influence on grain yield/h. According to path analysis, weight of 1000-kernel had the greatest direct effect (22.23%) towards grain yield/h. While, number of kernels/row (9.33%) and ear length (9.32%) had the highest indirect effect to grain yield. Multiple linear regressions indicated that the variables which had the highest partial coefficient of determination in seed yield/h, were ear height, ear length, number of rows/ear and 1000-kernel weight (R2 = 43%, 22%, 9% and 12%, respectively). The stepwise regression shows that, 1000-kernel weight, number of kernels/row, number of rows/ear and shelling% were accepted variables which had the highest coefficients of determination with seed yield (88.9%). The factor analysis grouped 7 yield contributing characters in two factors, which altogether were responsible for 70.42% of the total variability in the dependence structure.

ABSTRACT   The current study was carried out to evaluate certain non-conventional techniques including the use of organic manures, either residues left from soaking cattle and chicken manures applied to the soil or spray of their extracts on the plant biomass; biofertilizers as well as natural resources of rock phosphate were also used, inorganic fertilizers being included for comparison. Such evaluation was thought to be performed through evaluating responses of soil characteristics represented by both chemical characteristics and element availability; responses of developed plants to applied treatments were thought to be not included in the present study. This study was conducted under conditions of greenhouse located in Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, AinShamsUniversity; it represents the application of results obtained from the two pot experiments previously conducted. Cucumber seedlings of 15 days old were planted after being inoculated with liquid culture of the used biofertilizers and let to be grown three months up to harvest. The studied soil samples were taken out before flowering stage of grown cucumber plants to evaluate the concerned responses of the indicated soil samples. Results showed that organic manure application practices were favorable compared to either original untreated soil or inorganic control treatments; application of the used biofertilizers added, either separately or in combinations, to manuring was favorable for most of the studied parameters, application of rock phosphate to the mentioned treatments being also favorable.

Newly ecdysed fourth instar larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were treated with LC50 of ecdysone agonist methoxyfenozide, to provide better insights into physiological symptoms and aspects induced by it as a mimic to the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) action. Larvae ingest methoxyfenozide died within 2-3 days, and being trapped within their excuvae. They stopped feeding shortly before ecdysis. Treatment neither accelerated ecdysis nor ceased feeding, as soon as the larvae ingest such 20-E mimic. The continuous binding of the compound to the ecdysteroid receptors of S. littoralis larvae increased the titre of enzymes regulated by 20-E during the experimental time (3 days). Chitinase and phenoloxidase were activated after 6 and 12 hr from methoxyfenozide administration, respectively. The compound had no effect on chitin production, but endocuticle chitin degradation during moulting might be depressed as illustrated by the presence of higher amount of N-acetylglucosamine in control larvae than methoxyfenozide treated. It is suggested that methoxyfenozide might induces a precocious moult by initiating moulting cycle, but its main toxic effect is due to the fact that its level remains high during moulting and don’t decrease for allowing other hormones necessary for successful moulting to be released.

ABSTRACT       A data matrix comprising 100 characters of morphology, anatomy and seed protein banding recorded comparatively for ten species of Cleome and Gynandropsis (Cleomaceae) was analyzed under three fundamentally different numerical methods. The PRIMER analysis used the Bray Curtis (SØrensen) distance measure together with the single linkage clustering methods. The SPSS program used Ward’sclustering as a distance measure and the average linkage clustering method distance or complete linkage distance. All three dendrograms agree in grouping the ten species into two major groups: A (including C. droserifolia and C.chrysantha) and B (including C. amblyocarpa, C. paradoxa, C. arabica, C. viscosa C. brachycarpa, C. scaposa, C. hanburyana and Gynandropsis gynandra).This indicates that Gynandropsis gynandra ought to be submerged in Cleome as Cleome gynandra

The honey dew moth Cryptoblabes gnidiella Milliere is one of the most important insect pests of stored garlic. Data revealed that, Egyptian (Baladi) cultivar was the least susceptible to attacke by this insect . After four months of storage, the infestation percentages were 21.68% for Egyptian (Balady) cultivar as compared to 32.39% for Sids 40, 44.88% for American and 70.99% for Chinese cultivar. The oil content of the four garlic cultivars were measured along four months of storage. Data showed that the four cultivars were differed significantly in this respect. The highest weight of volatile oils, 436.8 mg/100g was fined in the Egyptian cultivar whereas the Chinese cultivar had 340.6 mg/100g. The correlation coefficients “r” values showed highly significant and negative relationship between infestation percentages and volatile oils weight (mg) . The main components of the volatile oils of the tested four garlic cultivars were separated by GC- MS analysis. Nine sulfur compounds were separated and identified, the major compound was Diallyl trisulfide (i.e. 49.82, 46.23, 46.17 and 44.89%) for Egyptian, Sids 40, Chinese and American cultivars, respectively. Allyl methyl trisulfide ranged from 11.40 to 23.15%. On the other hand percentage of total soluble solids (TSS%) for the four cultivars were almost the same trend during the storage period extended for four months or slightly increased. These data indicate the importance of the type and quantity of volatile oils and its component in protection of stored garlic from infestation by C. gnidiella.