It is very difficult to find an expert at the desired time and place to give guidance about irrigation scheduling or good management of water and irrigation system. In this study, this problem was tried to be solved by designing and evaluating an expert system for a modified surface irrigation system. A rule-based program named as MSISES (Modified Surface Irrigation System by Expert System) was coded and complied using C#.net programing language. The expert system was designed to support users with information about irrigation scheduling (irrigation operating time and irrigation interval) and the gated pipes as one of the surface irrigation modification tools (gates opening ratio). Two different experiments were held to evaluate the performance of the developed expert system. The first one is to evaluate the irrigation scheduling part by cultivating a field crop (Sweet maize) to make a comparison between the crop yield and water productivity after applying the program’s scheduling and the farmer’s scheduling. The second one is to make a comparison between the fully opened gates situation and when the resulted gates opening ratio is applied. The results indicated that an increase at crop yield and crop water productivity by 9.49% and 32.37% respectively for sweet maize using the developed expert system, and also, there was a slight variation between gates discharges after using the expert system except the last four gates discharge were different because of the superimposed pressure near the closed end.

Solar water pumping system may be a competitive application for remote and luxurious areas where power costs a lot. One may argue that solar photovoltaic water pumping systems not only comprises an environmentally friendly solution, but also contributes substantially to the satisfaction of remote communities’ water consumption needs. Therefore, the study aimed to manage pump for sprinkler irrigation system operated by solar power in small area of turf. The required hydraulic experiment and measurements were conducted using Direct-coupled photovoltaic pumping system to operating sprinkler irrigation network at the experimental farm of soil and water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, located at Inshas, Sharkia Governorate, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. The essential idea to operate the sprinkler irrigation system and fulfill the water needs of turf area was to use a locally assembled pump-set to match the photovoltaic generator unsteady output. Results indicated that, solar radiation increased during summer (April and July), so the electric power, pump discharge, pressure head, Hydraulic horsepower (hp) and Photovoltaic conversion efficiency are affected as solar radiation changed.    Four mathematical equations has been derived to illustrate the relationship between solar radiation and electric power, pump discharge  pressure head , water hp and Photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PVCE) during the day hours.

Sorting machines of fruits are mostly used in the industries. The process of sorting started by detecting the color of the fruits to indicate its classification based on the color of the fruit. In this work, a fruit sorting machine has been designed and built for small scale industries needing low cost compared to those now being used, which are expensive. This quest focuses on sorting the different types of fruits such as apples, tomatoes, and navel orange which are green and red. The fruits are put on a small belt and then entered through a box with a controlled lighting Red- Green- Blue color sensor. The controlled lighting is in a closed space with a servo motor which rotates 130 degree and returns to zero position. Attached to it, a gate pushes the fruit to the line of correct color and RGB color sensor to make scanning, integrated with Red and non-Red (Green) Light Emitting Diode (RGB LED), to detect the color of the fruit. Study also includes productivity, efficiency and costs were determined.    Results revealed the following - The productivity is arranged from low to high as follows: tomatoes (27.3: 61.2 kg/h), apples (34.1: 76.5 kg/h), and navel orange (68.1: 153 kg/h). - The efficiency of sorting was as follows: tomatoes was 96 %  at the lowest belt speed and increased to 100 % at the mean belt speed 0.8 m/s then decreased to 94 % at the highest speed, apples was 95 %  at the lowest belt speed and increased to 100 % at the mean belt speed 0.8 m/s then decreased to  91.25 % at the highest speed, and navel orange was 95 %  at the lowest belt speed and increased to 100 % at the mean belt speed 0.8 m/s then decreased to 80 % at the highest speed. - The most suitable belt speed was 0.8 m/s with very small delay time of servo motor which gives the highest efficiency of sorting within free flowing conditions. The sorting process cost by using the developed machine was less than the manual process in case of navel orange, tomatoes and apples. Using the developed sorting machine reduced the cost of fruits sorting to 1: 2.23 as compared with manual method in navel orange, and to 1 : 1.12 for apples, but it was more expensive sorting tomatoes by the developed machine compared with manual sorting of 12%.

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm at Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University (loam soil); to study herbigation managements for maximizing green beans crop productivity under drip irrigation system. Two application techniques were used for weed control with pre-emergence Pendimethalin herbicide (Stomp 50% EC), the first application technique was injection herbicide through drip irrigation systems (surface and sub-surface) with three concentrations (100%, 75% and 50%) of herbicide recommendation dose (1.7 L/ fed) using venture device, secondly by conventional spraying using knapsack sprayer and control without treatment. The results showed that the best water application efficiency was (96%) and the highest value of water distribution uniformity was (95%) achieved with Sub surface-drip irrigation system. The best weeds control efficiency was (82%) achieved with injection herbicide through sub surface-drip irrigation system with 75% - (1.28 L/fed) - of the herbicide recommendation dose in compare with other treatments, which maximized the benefit from the applied herbicides and obtained high productivity and an export product with high quality. According to the obtained results herbigation with sub-surface irrigation system is an excellent method of controlling weeds for the growers with good management.

The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of different level of probiotic supplementation to ruminant rations, using in-vitro batch culture technique to determine degradation and fermentation parameters. In vitro experimental ration was formulated, the ration consisted of 40% alfalfa hay and 60% concentrate feed mixture. Three level of probiotic supplementation (106, 108, 1010 cfu/kg DM) were evaluated. DM and total gas production as well as fermentation parameters of the incubated samples were determined after 24 hrs. of fermentation. Slightly increases (P>0.05) in in-vitro dry matter degradability were observed for the ration supplemented with probiotics bacteria at different levels (106,108 and 1010 cfu/ kg DM) compared to control ration. Probiotics bacteria supplementation with different level (106,108 and 1010 cfu/ kg DM) led to significant (P<0.001) increases in organic matter degradability and total gas production per sample and per g DM, OM, NDF and ADF compared to the not supplemented ration (control ration), and no significant differences were observed among the different levels of probiotics supplementation. Significant increase in total volatile fatty acid concentration after 24 hours' incubation period compared to the not supplemented ration. On the other hand, the treatment supplemented with probiotic recorded lower ammonia concentration compared to the control group. It could be concluded that, adding  probiotics bacteria supplementation to experimental ration resulted increase DM and OM degradability and using dose 106 CFU/kg DM feed is sufficient to induce improvement in degradability and fermentation parameters

Different types of drinking yoghurts were made with different types and concentrations of stabilizers. 6 treatments were made (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) using 0.2% and 0.4% of different types stabilizers ( pectin, guar gum, and mixture (1:1) of both pectin and guar gum) for production of other yoghurt drink treatments beside the control without any stabilizers. All treatments were stored up to 14 days at 5±1°C. Drinking yoghurt samples were evaluated for chemical, reholigical, microbiological and sensory attributes. No significant differences were observed in chemical and microbiological properties among control and treated samples. All drinking yoghurt contained levels of (106–107 cfu/g) lactic acid bacteria at the end of the refrigerated storage. Addition of stablizers showed significant differences in viscocitey and serum separation of final product. The effect was more obvious with using 0.2% stabilizer mixture (0.1% guar gum + 0.1% High Methoxy Pectin) than other all treatments. The drinking yoghurt containing 0.2% mix stabilizers (0.1% guar gum + 0.1% High Methoxy Pectin) ranked higher sensory scores than other treatments. The best drinking yoghurt that containing 50% yoghurt, 8% sugar and 42% water should be fortified with 0.2% mix stabilizers (0.1% guar gum + 0.1% High Methoxy Pectin)

Due to the climatic changes in Egypt, the remarkable population growth and the high demand for water, especially for irrigation water. To rationalize the use of irrigation water, it has been  applied efficient irrigation systems such as trickle irrigation system for irrigating trees and plants by securing the least amount of water for the plant without wasting and saturation of the surrounding area. This study aims to evaluate the performance of some local and imported emitters. In this study, 16 emitters were used (9 imported emitters and 7 local emitters) divided into (9 non-pressure compensating and 7 pressure compensating), for evaluation under different operating pressures (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 bar), in addition to measure the hydraulic performance of the manufacture's coefficient of variation (CV %), emitter flow variation (     %), and the emission uniformity (EU %). The results showed that the highest emission uniformity value for emitters of (OT1, OT2, KF, TKY, CKF and OT3), with discharge of (2) L / h non- pressure compensating (NPC), 4 l/h non-pressure compensating (NPC), 4 l / h pressure compensating (PC), 8 l/ h non- pressure compensating (NPC),  8 l / h pressure compensating (PC) and 16 l / h non-pressure compensating (NPC) respectively, while, the lowest manufacture's coefficient of variation value (CV%), emitter flow variation (     %) were used with 6  emitters in the second part of the laboratory experiment to evaluate the side lines under the length of the hoses (50, 75, 100 m) at a distance between the emitters (4 m), for the calculation of the emission uniformity (EU%), friction  losses and consumption of power. From the last result in laboratory and through evaluation the 6 emitters under study in terms of prices and emission uniformity (EU%), a randomized field study was conducted on the farms where the three emitters (OT2, KF and OT1) under lateral length (50 m) and emitter spacing (4 m). The purpose of the field test was carried out to determine the degree of clogging throughout the operating period (after 2 and 4 years). A field test used an emitter (OT1, OT2 and KF) found for two months and has been used again for two years when farming in the farm was expanded and used four years ago by expanding the farm, the emitter (OT2) clogging ratio was 3.09% within two months, 6.95% within two years and 10.49% within 4 years, the emitter (OT1) clogging ratio was 5.26% within two months, 11.11% within two years and 17.64% within 4 years, the emitter (KF) clogging ratio was 6.83% within two months, 13.63% within two years and 20.96% within 4 years. The results showed that the lowest degree of clogging ratio of the emitter (OT2) was within two months of operation. In general, and as expected, the results indicate that clogging ratio increased with increasing the time of installation of the field emitter and the range of factors affecting the periodic maintenance and design of good and components of irrigation network with high quality and ratio of manufacture's coefficient of variation (CV%).

The experiment was held at the Arid land Agricultural graduate studies and Research Institute - Ain Shams University. A soil moisture sensor is designed and used for measuring and controlling soil moisture content in plant media.  The device has been programmed and connected to three water-lifting pumps to operate them according to each treatment.         A vertical system has been constructed using 18 columns of white square styrofoam pots filled with perlite (In-organic substrate). Three soil moisture content treatments were selected as T1 = 60 %, T2= 80%, and T3 = 100% which were controlled by the sensors.  Solution tank filled with dissolved nutrient elements was used for supplying required water.       Two types of lettuce (green and red) lettuce seedlings were planted in the perlite substrate and irrigated by drip irrigation system. The system was closed and was based on smart automatic drip irrigation system,        Results revealed that, 556.5 liters of water was consumed under condition of T1 = 60 %, while 697.5 liters and 908.5 were consumed under condition of T2= 80 %, and T3 = 100% respectively After 47 days the Red lettuce yield (weight, number of leaves, and also weight of dry lettuce) was higher than green lettuce for all treatments. Yields of lettuce per system unit (4.5 m2) 16 kg/m2 and water use efficiency 26kg /m3 (Barbosa et al 2015) conventional production yielded 3.9 ±  0.21 kg/m2/y of lettuce produce, with water. Hydroponics offered 11±1.7 times higher yields but required 82±11 times more energy compared to conventionally produced lettuce.

The antiviral role of Moringaoleifera leaves extracts ((chloroform (CL), Ethyl acetate (E.A), methanol 80% (M) and n.butanol (n.b) to control Coxsackie B (COX-BV) viral infection was monitored in vitro compared with human interferon alpha (IFNᾰ2a) in order to evaluate the antiviral activity of moringa leaves extracts. The phenolic compound was given higher conc. in E.A. extracts. Cytotoxicity was determined for Moringa leaves extracts on viability of HEP2 cell using MTT assay. The 98μg/ml concentrations for four extracts were considerably non-toxic for HEP2 cell line culture. Antiviral activity in Moringa extracts may be attributed to phenolic compounds and / or as a result of stimulation of COX-BV-sensitive HEP2 cells to express MX protein. Antiviral activity of Moringa leaves extracts compared with IFNᾰ-2a to cell lines against COX-BV viral infection was determined by assessment of the COX-BV virus infectivity titer declining rate and relative residual living cell count using End Point Assay, using three ways pretreatment, co-treatment and post-treatment cell line treated with Moringaextracts. It was found that the extract acetyl acetate was better as an MX gene expression level compared with its level in control cells. It was concluded that Moringaleaves extracts have antiviral activity against COX-BV.

The study was carried out  at  Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University to assess the effect of two of algae species (Arthrospira platensis and Nannochloropsis gaditana) on growth performance of monosex  tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus), fish were fed on a basal diet supplemented with 0,3,5,7% of each algae. To perform seven experimental treatments were assigned in three replicates each. The experiment was designated as follows:  (T1) control (without algae), (T2) basal diet supplemented with 3% spirulina (spiru 3), (T3) basal diet supplemented with 5% spirulina (spiru 5), (T4) basal diet supplemented with 7% spirulina (spiru 7), (T5) basal diet supplemented with 3% Nannochloropsis (nanno 3), (T6) basal diet supplemented with 5% Nannochloropsis (nanno 5) and (T7) basal diet supplemented with 7% Nannochloropsis  (nanno 7). Experimental tanks were a part of closed recirculating system, where almost constant environmental conditions were kept throughout the experimental period. Twenty-one quadrate fiber glass tanks with 108-liter water capacity were stocked with 15 fish per tank. The individual initial body weight (2.7 g) was recorded at the beginning of the experiment. All fish in each tank was weighed every two weeks during the whole experimental period. The fish were fed the experimental diet for 95 days Results indicated that nanno 5 treatment had higher significant trend (P<0.05) final body weight (FBW), average weight  gain (AWG) and average daily gain (ADG) compared with the other experimental treatments. The best specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were found in nanno 7. Also, it was observed that spiru 7 have a high significant difference (P<0.05) in protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein productive value (PPV). On the other hand, the results showed that the lowest AWG, ADG and (FER) appeared in spiru 7%. No mortality in nanno7 and spiru 7. Finally, using of nano 5% or spiru 7% enhance growth performance and feeding in tilapia fish.