This study was carried out in a private farm in Wardan, Giza governorate in Egypt during 2019 season on strawberry plants. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different commercial products in cultivated land including Solo 24% SC (Bifenazate), Arbus 12% SC (Chlorfenapyr + Emamectin benzoate) , Concor 24% SC (Spirodiclofen), Excellent 1.9% EC (Emamectin benzoate) , Top9 (Chitosan 0.1%) , Biomectin 5% EC (Abamectin) and Congest 15% CS (Abamectin + Imidacloprid) in reducing the population densities of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus uriticae Koch. on strawberry plants. According to general mean percentage of reduction in population of T. uriticae, data showed insignificant differences among the seven tested compounds whereas the mortality percentages were 85.94 %, 82.18%, 81.4%, 79.36%, 78.14%, 77.94% and 75.9%, respectively. From these results; it’s clear that Solo compound is the most effective compound and Congest is the lowest one. The other compounds ranged between them in controlling T. uriticae under these experimental conditions. The second experiment evaluated the effectiveness of different formulations in the nursery including Radiant (Spinetoram 12% Sc), Super Rigo (Naphthyl acetic acid – Chitosan), Top9 and Berna Star (Glyceryl stearate 32%) in reducing the population densities of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) on strawberry plants. According to general mean percentage of reduction in population of F. occidentalis, data showed significant differences among the four compounds. These compounds could be divided into three groups. The first group contained Radiant compound showing high mortality (63.5%). The second group contained Super Rigo and Top9 compounds showing moderate effect (46.44% & 34.3%), respectively. The third group contained Berna Star compound showing least effect (28.36%). From these results; it’s clear that the chemical compound Radiant is the most effective while the natural compound Berna Star is the lowest in controlling F. occidentalis under these experimental conditions.

This study aims to use solar energy to warm poultry houses instead of traditional energies which have shortage and high cost of using. The prototype was designed and Fabricated at workshop of agriculture engineering research institute (AEnRI) - ARC and the experiments were conducted at Solar Energy Laboratory - Agricultural Engineering Department Faculty of Agriculture - Ain Shams University (Latitude 30° 02′ N, Longitude 31° 21′ E). Experiment was carried out during winter 2018 and 2019. The prototype was designed and fabricated from main frame was made from wood 80 cm × 80 cm × 70 cm, Trombe wall was fabricated from two different materials (bricks and concrete), bricks wall with dimension 40 cm x 70 cm x10 cm, the concrete trombe wall as following: the dimensions were 80 cm x 70 cm x10cm and changed the material to be concrete. Double of glass was mounted front of bricks or concrete wall, ventilation control system: it consists of (digital temperature controller, solenoid, moving arm, fan suction) and control unit (data logger). The results showed that the Trombe wall designed from concrete better than one of bricks. The prototype with trombe concrete wall was keeping the temperature at 30°C for 13 hour and 55 minutes of day. This system was saving 56.46% energy that consume from the traditional energy. Also, the Ten hours which the temperature drops below 30 ° C inside the poultry house, it is Compensating by lamp 100-watt that has been programmed to light when the temperature is below 30 ° C. The average weight of broiler under experimental was comparing with the standard weight of the breed. The results were higher than the standard. The death rate was 0%. The percentage of carbon dioxide and ammonia in poultry house air was not exceeding the standard ratio. And the relative humidity was (50:94(%.

The effect of Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophic (PPFM) bacteria as a bio-stimulant on vegetative growth, macro-nutrient elements ( N,P and K ) contents , chemical constituents and volatile oil percentage and components in rosemary plant (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were studied during 2018 and 2019 seasons. Plant height (cm), number of lateral branches/plant, herb fresh & dry weights and root fresh & dry weights of rosemary plant were all greatly affected with all applied treatments of PPFM when compared with the control. The hugest effect was recorded by 1% PPFM bacteria spraying in both studied seasons. However, no significant effect was recorded due to PPFM applied treatments on P%. Highest values of total carbohydrates were recorded by both 1 and 3%. PPFM bacteria spraying in both studied seasons. Whereas, the highest values of C/N ratios were obtained with 3% PPFM in first season and 1% PPFM in the second one. A substantial effect from PPFM bacteria spraying was observed through its effect on reducing the level of NO3 and NO2 in rosemary herb when compared with the control. In any case, 3% of PPFM bacteria spraying was more effective than other treatments in recording the least values of NO3 and NO2 in first season compared to the control. Volatile oil % was enormously increased with 3% PPFM bacteria spraying in both studied seasons than other treatments or control. The main components of volatile oil of rosemary plant were Camphor, Eucalyptol, Verbenone, Borneol, Pinene, Pinanone, Bornyl acetate and Camphene. The treatments of PPFM bacteria spraying immensely stimulated the component % in volatile oil of rosemary herb than in the control. It could be concluded that the application of PPFM bacteria as foliar spraying in rosemary plant production had many advantages especially reducing NO3 and NO2 levels and increasing volatile oil % and volatile oil fractions not to mention it increased the percent of active ingredients.

Agricultural policy in Egypt has tended in recent years to make some structural changes in order to maximize the economic return in light of the technical possibilities and local and international economics of agricultural production determinants. some Food crops, industrial and export important in Egypt, and is a source of agricultural income, In order to determine the features of agricultural price policy for most important vegetable crops in Egypt, it was possible to calculate the matrix of agricultural policy analysis, to clarify the extent of deviation of lacal market prices for tomato and potato crops and world prices to identify the levels of distortions in the commodity markets and the degree of nonemployment of resources, as well as the calculation of the nominal and effective protection factors. To identify the price policies adopted by the state, whether the policy of subsidies or taxation of producers of agricultural crops, as well as the calculation of the cost factor of the local resource to determine the comparative advantage. We conclude from the above and based on the results of the Matrix of Agricultural Policy Analysis for Tomato and Potato Crops in Egypt during the average period (2011-2017) that the country’s productive policy during the study period had any affection crop producers represented in tax rate 14.742, 12.489 pounds. Which do not compare with the support provided to them, which averaged about 93,189 pounds per acre, respectively. Tomato and potato crops have an advantage that can be used to increase their exports in the global markets, which require integration between the state and the private sector to activate the ability of crop producers to export. And Egyptian potatoes, and on this the study recommends the necessity of improving the prices of production requirements for the crops under study in a manner commensurate with the continuous increase in production costs in order to work on increasing farm income and addressing negatives arising from C Tax of SAT in high production costs and made available at affordable prices.

The problem of fish food security is represented in insufficient strategic stocks of fish, especially in light of the increasing demand for fish, and lower production than consumption. The research mainly targeted the study of the situation of fish food security in Egypt, in addition to a set of sub-goals, which are the most important that the estimation of both the strategic stock of fish and fish food security coefficient in Egypt, studying of the most important factors affecting fish food security, studying of future expectations for fish food security, This is in addition to studying the problems that Obstruct the continued increase in fish production. The research relied on achieving goals on the use of qualitative statistical methods and economic equations for estimating both strategic stocks and security coefficient for fish. As Quantitative statistical methods were used, which are represented in using the simple and multiple regression method to estimate the functions of consumption, production, import and export of Egyptian fish, as well as food security coefficient in order to determine the most important variables that affect it by building an econometric model that explains the determinants of food security of fish. The double logarithmic model was the best model used in terms of economic logic and statistical significance, and Autoregressive and Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used to forecast production, consumption, imports and food security coefficients for fish until 2025. In addition to using the statistical method, One-way Anova- Analysis of Variance, to test the differences between a number of independent groups that represent problems that impede the continued increase in fish production, as well as the use of the least significant difference method (L.S.D) to arrange the elements of each problem. By estimating the growth rate of fish production and consumption, the fish food gap and the average per capita share, it was found that the growth rate of each of them took an increasing general trend during the study period, where the annual growth rate is estimated at 5.4%, 4.9%, 2.8%, and 2.7% for each of them, respectively. It was also found that the quantity of the surplus in fish attained about 0.9 thousand tons on average during the study period, and this surplus is very small, not enough consumption per day. It is also clear that the fish food security coefficient reached about 0.00073 on average during the period (20002018) and this indicates a decrease in the fish food security rate. The forecast values of the fish food security coefficient have shown that the fish food security coefficient tends to decrease from about 0.00076 in 2019 to about 0.00073 in 2025. And by studying the most important variables that affect fish food security in Egypt through the three basic functions, which are the fish demand function, the fish supply function, and the fish food security coefficient function, of the Simultaneous model, according to the economic logic and statistical significance, Increase in both national income (x13), imports of fish (Y3t), local production of fish (Y1t) by 1%, the food security coefficient of fish increases by 0.04%, 0.102%, 0.49% for each of them respectively, and when increasing Consumption (Y2t) by 1%, the fish food security coefficient decreases by 0.67%. This has proven the significance of the variables at the level of significance 0.01, as it turns out that by increasing exports (Y4t) by 1%, the food security coefficient decreases by 0.01% and this decrease is statistically significant at the  level of significance 0.05. A stratified random sample was chosen according to the cognitive and functional level, with the problems and obstacles of continuation of increasing fish production in Egypt. The sample was of those interested in the field of fish wealth. The problems were identified and divided into five categories which are: environmental problems, financing and production problems, marketing problems, problems related to scientific research, administrative problems. The study resulted in several recommendations, the most important of which are: Increasing the expansion of culture operations in floating marine cages. Increasing investment orientation for fish production from its various sources and providing financial support to small fish producers. Close control of the various pollution image processes of natural resources, overfishing, offensive fishing, and fishing fry and limiting their spread to preserve biological stocks.

Two field experiments were conducted to assess chicken manure (Ch.M.) and its tea on quantity and quality yield of Molokhia (Jew’s mellow) plant during two summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 in Fac. of Agric. -El-Shatby- Alexandria University. This investigate aimed to compare between chicken manure (Ch.M.R 100% and R50%) , chicken manure tea (R100% and R50%) and the mixture of them (R50% of Ch.M. + R50% of its tea) under four levels (NPK0 % , NPK30%, NPK60% and NPK100%) of chemical fertilizers. Every experiment was carried out with 13 treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (total plot area= 2&1=2m2). The results indicated that, chicken manure tea 100% + 30% NPK(T6) gave the highest mean values of vegetative growth i.e. plant height (92.0cm), number of leaves/plant (29.5), leaf length (13.87 cm), increases in vitamin C. (110.77 mg/g F.W.) and dry weight of leaves (10.25 g) as an average of both seasons. While the mixture of “chicken manure 50% and chicken manure tea 50 %” + 30 % NPK (T10) lead to significant increases in fresh leave weight (49.84 g/plant) and total yield of fresh leaves (4.7 kg/ plot) as an average of both seasons. Highest increases in P uptake (1.37mg/g) and K uptake (20.27 mg/g) either chicken manure 100% (T1) or the mixture of “chicken manure 50% and chicken manure tea 50 %” T9, respectively. The maximum N uptake (2.79 mg/g), total chlorophyll in leaves (47.44 SPAD) and leave width (6.82 cm) as an average of both seasons by the mixture of “chicken manure 50 % and chicken manure tea 50 %” + 100 % NPK (T12) compared with the control once. Organic plants “safe food” produced with organic fertilizers and their teas really supply more nutrients and vitamins “chemical free” and health protective so used sustainably in food and environmental friendly.

Acalypha shrubs Acalypha wilkesiana Mull.(Euphorbiaceae) found to be favorable host for the striped mealybug Ferrisia virgate (Cockerell)( Pseudococcidae) . This mealybug species is attacked all plant parts and caused considerable damages to this host. Some ecological aspects were carried out on F. virgata infesting acalypha shrubs throughout two successive years (2014-2015) and (2015-2016) in Qalyubiya Governorate. Results obtained showed that population density was more abundant during the second year than the first one, the annual means of total population were 62.02 and 52.01 individuals/leaf), respectively. Also, results revealed that, seasonal abundance of F. virgata found to be active from June to January of next year. The population density was reached its maximum activity on October during both years being 123.0 and 145.2 individuals /leaf for the first and second year, respectively. The prevailing main average temperature and relative humidity were ranging between 22.8°C, 24.2°C and 67%, 64% for the 1st and 2nd years, respectively. These conditions seemed to be favorable conditions for insect activity. After this activity period all stages of this species were disappeared from all plant parts. This phenomenon indicate that this mealybug species was overwinter during winter and spring seasons till the next summer. From these findings it could be stated that any control measurements must be early applied during June, at the beginning of activity period of this mealybug species. Also, results clarified that F. virgate was passed through two annual overlapping field generations on acalypha shrubs. Duration of the first generation was ranged between 80-85 days which occurred during summer months. While the second generation was lasted 75 days and occurred during autumn. Statistical analysis revealed that separate effect of each mean, two weeks earlier of the four selected weather factors on changes in population density of F. virgata most factors had insignificant effects except mean minimum temperature which had positive significant effects throughout the both years (r coefficient values were 0.589 and 0.677). While the combined effects of the four selected factors (mean minimum, maximum temperature, average temperature and mean percentage of relative humidity), two weeks earlier, had significant effects, as a group on the change in population density especially during (2014-2015) , the explained variance was 79.2% and F value 14.4.

This study aimed to work out the microbiological quality of roasted chicken ready to eat meals (n=240), swabs of labor surfaces in contact with food (n=390), and the food handlers hands (n=90) in catering services within the university dormitory females to assure a secure supply of food for colleges students. The results obtained appeared no contamination with L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Clostridium perfringens before the applying of the HACCP framework. While the fluctuation within the microbial numerous total viable bacteria, total molds and yeasts, B. cereus, Staph. aureus, spore-formers, and coliforms in served meals ascribed to inadequate handling or processing procedures, multiplication of microorganisms during thawing and cutting of chicken, poor hygiene of utensils, and equipment as well as the survival of microorganisms to the cooking process. The examined chicken samples from receiving to serving were 1.12×105 , 7.4 X 103, 2.8 X 104 , and 1.6 X 103 in washing chicken, thawing, and washing steps respectively. The lowest value was 3.98×103 , 3.2 X 102 , 1.2 x 103 , and 6.1 X 102 in serving, dressing, washing, and receiving steps, respectively. Swabs samples analysis which taken before and after HACCP application from handlers, utensils, equipment and work surfaces observed different levels of significance in the reduction of microbial load in one or more of selected examination. Application of the HACCP framework shows a low rate of examined microorganism with a decreasing percentage reached 100% of 1 or more microbial groups in the statistically serving step (p < 0.05) which demonstrates a critical impact of HACCP application. HACCP framework can be moreover utilize to control the safety and quality of prepared ready to eat meals, based on microbiological specifications to improve the microbiological and healthy quality of foods to reduces the reliance on the end product inspection that ultimately resulted in improving food safety, reducing costs associated with food hazards.

Iraq is one of the agricultural countries in the world. Agriculture is the second source of income after oil in Iraq. Agricultural development is a link between scientific research and agricultural extension because the use of scientific knowledge in agriculture has become very important, which has prompted many countries to increase their investment in scientific research. There is a main agricultural extension department in Baghdad, in addition to agricultural extension departments in the provinces. The aim of this study was to determine the actual relationship between the agricultural research and extension organizations in Iraq throw knowing the importance of activities that achieve the relationship and implementation level according to respondents' opinions. The study aimed also to identify the barriers facing the relationship between the agricultural research and extension organizations and respondents' suggestions that strength the link between the researches and agricultural extension agents. This study was conducted on group of researchers and extension agents who work in Agricultural Extension and Cooperation Department and Agricultural Researches Department. A random sample of 40% was selected. The total was (38) agricultural extension agents and (35) agricultural researchers. A questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Data were analyzed using the SPSS Version 24.0 statistical software. Descriptive statistics including percentages, frequencies, means, and standard deviations, were used to summarize the data. The most important results showed that the relationship between agricultural research and extension organizations was weak, while a high percentage of respondents believed that the relationship between them was very important. The study illustrated that the most important barrier facing the relationship between the agricultural research and extension organizations was the absence of regulations and laws that organize the relationship between them. The most important suggestions that respondents believed to strengthen the relationship are the establishment of legislations that organize the relationship and work through the research and extension teams and establishment of permanent committees to coordinate the work between them. In addition, the study found that the communication between agricultural researchers and extension agents was informal. Furthermore, the study recommended that the relationship should be continued, and that multiple organizational and administrative methods should be used to strengthen the linkages between agricultural research and extension organizations. Also, the study recommended that agricultural researchers and extension agents should participate in planning and implementing agricultural extension programs.

Achieving the maximum productive economic efficiency to use the available resources is considered one of the most important objectives of the agricultural economic policy, and since the agricultural area is limited, therefore the decision to choose the appropriate crop for agriculture is subject to many considerations, perhaps the most important of which is the expected revenue of these crops, as it reflects many important factors that affect decisions farming at farms, such as prices and expected production of agricultural crops. The research problem is represented in the following question: How competitive and affect the cultivated area different crops, and do changes occur from one period to another? The research aims to compare the Competitive of the most important winter crops on agricultural land during the two periods (2014-2015), (2017-2018). The most important results were as follows: It was found that there are other factors that determine the cultivated area other than the farm prices for some crops, namely wheat, barley, onions, flax, and potatoes during the period (2014- 2015), barley, lentils, and lupine during the period (2017-2018). Low price elasticity and response was shown for chickpeas, lupine, fenugreek, tomatoes during the period (2014-2015), wheat, beans, sugar beets, persistent clover, onions, garlic, flax, tomatoes, and potatoes during the period (2017-2018). It was found that there were crops that responded more in the period (2017-2018) than the period (2014-2015), which were wheat, chickpeas, fenugreek, onions, flax, tomato and potatoes. It turns out that both chickpeas and lupine were exposed to competition from the rest of the crops during the two periods, and that wheat, broad bean, sugar beet, and flax did not compete for them in the second period, and on the other hand, clover, onions, and garlic continued to compete with other crops. Decreased Competition in the period (2017-2018) was shown in general compared to the period (2014- 2015). It was found that wheat and garlic were the most Interchangeability competitive, and tomatoes, broad bean, lentils and sugar beets were the most competitive crops of other crops, that lupine, fenugreek, and onions were the most competitive with other crops for the period (2014-2015). It was found that broad bean, clover, and clover Tahreesh were the most Interchangeability competitive, and barley, lentils, and potatoes were the most competitive crops of other crops, that flax, wheat, lupine, and tomato were the most competitive with other crops for the period (2017-2018). It shows the dynamics and instability of the agricultural map (with some being affected less) despite the convergence of periods. The research recommends, in order achieving maximum economic efficiency and production for the use of available resources, following: The agricultural policies applicable must be consistent with the changes that occur in the competitive of crops. Considerate the dynamics and instability of the agricultural map when setting agricultural policies. Factors other than prices must be used when determining the cultivated area of some crops, as a result of their lack of effect on some crops and their weak effect on others. Providing appropriate means (not necessarily financial support - Extension services, for example) to improve competition for some strategic crops.