Persistence Vs degradation behavior of insecticide imidacloprid (35% SC) and fungicide myclobutanil (24% EC) in/on grape (leaves and fruits) and surrounding soil under canopy were investigated under field conditions. Leaves, fruits and soil samples were collected at 2 hours to 21 days after application at the recommended rate. QuEChERS method was used for extraction and clean-up and analyzed using HPLC and GC for imidacloprid and myclobutanil, respectively .The initial residue deposits, degradation percentages and/or, the parameters (RL50 and RL90) and Pre Harvest Intervals (PHIs) of the targeted pesticides were the criteria of concern. Results revealed that, grape leaves retained higher initial amounts than fruits by about 5.0 7 and 1.34 times for imidacloprid and myclobutanil, respectively. As for RL50, RL90 and PHIs values, imidacloprid showed 4.12 ,13.42 and 21.95 days and 5.13 ,13.41 and 11.96 days on grape leaves and fruit, respectively. The corresponding calculated values were 4.71, 9.38 and 16.31days and 1.97, 9.14 and 14.90 days for myclobutanil on the same targeted samples, respectively. In addition, the grape fruits could be consumed safely after 12 and 15 days of treatment with imidacloprid and myclobutanil, respectively. On the other hand , results indicated that the residue half life (RL50) values for the same targeted pesticides in soil  were 11.56 and 15.74 days, respectively. In general, myclobutanil residues in soil recorded higher persistence levels than higher imidacloprid and on the contrary it showed less persistence in/on grape leaves and fruits.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of drain depth on the drainage water quality and flax productivity. The flax crop was planted during winter season. The field experiment was conducted at the Bahteem Research Station, Qaliubiya Governorate, from November 2015 till April 2016. Two design systems were selected, the first was conventional drainage system (CDS), with drain depth 1.5 m, the second was modified drainage system (MDS), three lateral drain lines were installed to main drain directly. The depth of the lateral drain was (0.90 - 1.0) m.   The obtained results revealed that the salinity of the average soil profile decreased after the second irrigation onward. The soil salinity percentages of (MDS) decreased by (47, 30 and 9.5) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, soil salinity percentages of (CDS) decreased by (40, 32 and 9) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The chloride percentages for average soil profile of (MDS) decreased by (77, 82 and 54) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the chloride percentages of (CDS) decreased by (70, 75 and 35) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The EC values of drainage water of (MDS) decreased from first irrigation onwards. The EC percentages of drainage water salinity of (MDS) decreased by (10.6, 18.2 and 22.7) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the EC percentages of drainage water salinity of (CDS) decreased by (6.3, 5.6 and 24.6) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The chloride percentages of drainage water  salinity of (MDS) decreased by (22.6, 43 and 14.2) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, the chloride percentages of (CDS) decreased by (14.7, 32 and 16.4) for (2nd, 3rd and 4th) irrigation, respectively. The piezometer reading showed that the water table levels reaching the soil surface upon irrigation reached low level before the next irrigation. The average values of water table after first irrigation were (14.5, 11 cm) for (MDS) and (29.5, 24 cm) for (CDS) for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line), respectively. Also the results indicated that the water table level continue decreasing for both systems before 2nd and 3rd irrigation. The results recorded were (91, 82 cm), (140.5, 132 cm) before 2nd irrigation; (75.5, 60 cm), (133.5, 125 cm) before 3rd irrigation for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line) for both systems (MDS) and (CDS), respectively. On the other hand data showed that the water table was higher after 2nd irrigation on ward. The results recorded were (16.5, 10 cm), (33.5, 25 cm) after 2nd irrigation; (7.5, 3 cm), (28, 21 cm) after 3rd irrigation for (L/4, L/2 distance from drain line) for both systems (MDS) and (CDS) respectively. So (MDS) produced drainage water with higher quality and lower salts concentration than the (CDS). At the end of the season the flax productivity was 3.5 ton/fed for both systems. It can be recommended to be used (MDS) with shallow drain depth.

In the present study, molecular fingerprinting among selected ten seeded type date palm trees growing at Al Dakhlah Oasis, New Valley Governorate in Egypt was carried out, in this approach 10 RAPD and 10 ISSR primers were used. In RAPD markers, primers 1, 3, 4, and 6 showed the highest level of polymorphism with number of polymorphic amplicons of 100%. While primers 7 and 8 resulted in the lowest number of polymorphic bands with polymorphism level of 62% and 63%, respectively. The similarity between Acsad-Dakhla 6 and 7 (0.76%) was observed as maximum similarity. While, Acsad-Dakhla 5 exhibited a minimum degree of similarity with all the seeded type date palm trees ranging from 33% to 49%. According to ISSR, highest polymorphism was generated by primers 8 and 9 (100%). While primers 4 and 2 produced the lowest polymorphism 50% and 55.6%, respectively. The highest similarity was observed between Acsad-Dakhla 8 and Acsad- Dakhla 9. Acsad-Dakhla 5 and Acsad-Dakhla 7 showed close relationship but Acsad-Dakhla 10 was at distant from all the seeded type date palm trees and did not lie in any subcluster. In combined analysis, the similarity between Acsad-Dakhla 6 and 7 were similar to Acsad-Dakhla 9 and 10 showed maximum similarity (85%). While, Acsad- Dakhla 2 and 5 exhibited a minimum degree of similarity with all the seeded type date palm trees (47%). A high genetic diversity among selected ten seeded type date palm trees was present.

The current research was conducted to determine the degree of effectiveness of agricultural extension in date palm production, determining the relationship between the independent variables studied and the effectiveness of agricultural extension in the production of palm date palm, identifying the problems facing the farmers, to achieve the research objectives, Bahariya Oasis at Giza governorate was selected as a geographic field for the study sample, a systematic random sample of 235 farmers representing (10%) of the farmers totaled 2350 at the study area. Data were collected through the personal interview with the sample research using a questionnaire. Frequencies, percentage, range, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), and step-wise regression analysis were utilized to present and analyze data.  Results showed that (51.4%) of the respondents fell under the medium category of indicator of  the degree of effectiveness of agricultural extension in date palm production, and (37.6%) of them fell under the low category of the indicator, while (11%) of the total sample fell under the high category of the indicator.  Results indicate that the degree of effectiveness of extension activities in the date palm production was significant at 0.01 for each of the researcher's education, the date of agricultural tenure of date palms, the number of years of experience in date palm cultivation and the driving grade, while the number of years of experience in agricultural work, the degree of trend towards agricultural innovations and the degree of orientation towards extension were significant at 0.05.  Results also showed four variables out of the total independent variables which explain around (43.8%) of the total variation of effectiveness of extension activities in the date palm production using the Step Wise regression i.e. the date of agricultural tenure of date palms, the number of years of experience in date palm cultivation, the researcher's education and the degree of trend towards agricultural innovations.

Data on rabbits produced from a total number of 518 parities were analyzed to evaluate crossing effects among two breeds of rabbits. The breeds tested were Gabali (GAB) and Bouscat (B). sex effects on post weaning body weight were also studied. A total number of 80 rabbits at marketing age were slaughtered to evaluate effects of mating type and sex on some carcass traits. Mating type affected significantly (P ≤ 0.001) progeny weight from weaning up to marketing age and preslaughter, carcass, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, fore legs weight and hind legs weight at marketing age. Meanwhile, the effects were not significant on loin weight and dressing percentages . Sex insignificantly affected body weight although body weights of female rabbits were slightly heavier than those of male rabbits. Effects of sex on carcass traits were not significant. Heterosis % and superiority % of body weight estimates were positive for all post weaning weights. Positive heterosis was shown for some carcass traits.

Defatted rice bran (DRB) and hydrolyzed defatted rice bran (DRBT) were prepared from rice bran meal (RBM). Proximate composition, oil and water binding capacities, emulsifying and foaming characteristics were determined. Effect of different substitution of DRB and DRBT as Fat replacers in biscuit on the farenograph parameters and sensory characteristics were also evaluated. The total protein, ash and crude fiber were significantly (P≤0.05) increased in each of DRB and DRBT compared to RBM. Defatted rice bran protein hydrolyzed improved the DRBT water, oil absorption index being 1.7. Used each of DRB or DRBT gave high emulsifying activity and stability indices in casein model system. The same trend was observed with foam activity and stability indices in egg albumin system. farenogram parameters significant (P≤0.05) affected by using DRB and DRBT. The prepared biscuits samples had high sensory scores with 10 to 50 % DRB and DRBT attributes and recorded non-significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to control sample.

The study of distribution and field efficacy of egg parasitoids was conducted in several wheat fields in north east of Syria (Amoda, Al-Qamishly, Al- Qehtanya, Al-Jwadya and Al-Malikya) in the 2011 field season. The results of surveys and taxonomy showed that fives parasitoid species  belonging to Scelionidae family and order of  Hymenoptera are: Trissolcus grandis Thomson,  Trissolcus simoni Mayr, Trissolcus semistriatus Ness, Trissolcus vassiilievi Mayr and Gryon fasciatus Priener. The abundant species were T. grand which occurred in all sites and rate parasitism reached to 37.74% to all eggs, and T. vassilievi which occurred in all sites except Amoda and parasitism reached to 32.10%. T. semistriatus recovered in Al-Qamishly, Al- Qehtanya and Al-Malikya and parasitism reached to 16.98%. T. simoni  was recovered only from Amoda, Gryon faciatus only from Al-Malikya. Overall parasitism rates reached 44.17% throughout the season.

This investigation was carried out through two successive seasons (2014 and 2015) to investigate the effects of nano-carbon and nitrogen fertilization levels on growth, leaf mineral content, yield and fruit quality of 3 years old flame seedless grapevines, cultivated in a private orchard with loamy soil texture, at Gharbiya Governorate. Ten treatments were applied as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result indicated that 80%N from recommended requirment+0.6% carbon nano tubes (CNTs) increased significantly leaf area, fresh and dry weight, total carbohydrate% and concentration of N, P, K, Mg, and Fe in leaves, weight of 100 berries,  and juice weight of 100 berries compared with control. Also results showed that yield of combined application of 80% conventional fertilizer of nitrogen and nano-carbon at 0.6%was equal to that with supplied 100% conventional fertilizer (control). This indicated that the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was increased after combined application of nano-carbon, which can save the N fertilizer amounts in production practice.

Lack of geographical diversity for the future markets for Egyptian agricultural and food exports and Egypt's dependence on neighboring countries in this regard.  The main markets for Egyptian agricultural and food exports were average in the period 20112016 in Saudi Arabia by about 13.1%, followed by Libya, Russia and Britain with 5.9%, 5.7% and 4.1% respectively. Italy with a rate of about 3.9% and the UAE by about 5.2%.  It was found that the potato crop is one of the most important export crops in the vegetables, representing about 22.5% of the total value of Egyptian exports of vegetables, while the grapes were one of the most important Egyptian export crops in the fruit group, representing about 20.6% of the total fruit exports. -2016.  There was a statistically significant increase in the quantity and value of Egyptian exports of potatoes and grapes.  The increase in the indicators of comparative advantage of Egyptian potatoes, which enhances the position of competitiveness of Egyptian potatoes in foreign markets.  The relative advantage of the correct one decreased until 2003, while comparative advantage increased from 2004 until the end of the study period. This may be attributed to the success of the  Egyptian side in increasing the production and marketing capabilities of grapes and hence the relative advantage of this crop.  Egypt is the 13th largest exporter of grapes in the world and contributes about 2.2% of the total value of world exports as an average for the period 2012-2016.  It was found that Egypt is the fifth largest exporter of grapes to the United Kingdom and was ranked first in South Africa and Spain.              shows that the rate of export growth of the competition countries is greater than the rate of growth in Egypt, i.e., the competing countries take the share of the Egyptian side and reached the market share 5.8%, as evidenced by the low penetration rate of the market, which amounted to about 2.4%, as it became clear that the penetration rate of the market in Saudi Arabia, which amounted to about 17.5%.  Egypt is ranked eighth among the most important potato exporting countries in the world and contributes about 4.3% of the total amount of world exports as an average for the period 2012-2016. It was found that Egypt occupies the first position of the most important potato exporting countries to Russia and was second and third place in China and Azerbaijan. Table (9) shows that the rate of export growth of the countries of competition is lower than the growth rate in Egypt, where the rate of growth of Egyptian exports to Russia was 7% 38.1%. The market penetration rate, which is about 0.6%, was found to be low, and the penetration rate of the Dutch market was about 5.5%.

The pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms affect human health directly or indirectly and become increasingly important in most countries. Novel antimicrobial agents and disinfectants have become necessary due to the rise of antibiotic resistance phenomena. The current study investigate the inhibitory infect of ANOSAN on pathogenic bacteria and toxigenic fungi. Chemical analysis was performed for ANOSAN. The antimicrobial activity of ANOSAN was carried out using agar well diffusion assay and mean growth inhibition percentage and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The antibiofilm activity was conducted using Biofilm formation assay and the impact of the disinfectant on the preformed biofilm was visualized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of ANOSAN comprised very low amount of Sodium (0.034%), Chloride (0.01%), Hypochlorite (0.014%) and Organic matter (0.0062%). ANOSAN low concentration showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. The MIC (0.781 mg/ml) was observed for Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of ANOSAN have successfully inhibited biofilm formation of the above mentioned bacterial patho gens. The ANOSAN appeared to be effective as bactericidal against Ps. aeruginosa and Staph. aureus. The time kill assay was observed between (0-6h) and between (0-3h) of exposure for both pathogens, respectively, and the viable bacterial counts remained undetectable after the previous time in a confirmatory experiment. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was conducted to confirm the antimicrobial activity of ANOSAN against Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa. These data directly illustrate the destructive effects of the ANOSAN on the pathogenic bacteria. This work clarified that ANOSAN water had bactericidal and fungicidal activity along with inhibiting the ability of pathogenic bacteria to form biofilms, thus providing a good alternative to the use of traditional antimicrobials in food industry, pharmaceutical and medical applications.