Twelve local Zaraiby goats with average live body weight of 10.71±0.23 kg (5-6 months). Animals were divided into three comparable groups. Goats in first group were fed without supplement (control group) or sup-plemented with 25% ordinary cobalt and 25% nanocobalt from cobalt requirements (NRC, 1985). The results showed that no significant difference (P>0.05) among experimental groups for DMI and CPI values. However, there was a highest significant difference (P<0.05) in average daily gain, total gain, and feed efficiency (kg gain/ kg DMI) for nanoco-balt group. Nutrients digestibility values as DM, CP, CF, NFC, ADF, NDF, cellulose and hemicellulose in addition to percentage of TDN in nanocobalt treatment were higher sig-nificantly than those others groups. But the ra-tio of nitrogen balance in goats' diet with nano-cobalt group was less than that using ordinary cobalt and control group. While the DE (Mcal/Kg DMI) ratio was no significant differ-ences observed among groups. Rumen pH and TVFA’s values after 3 and 6 hours of feeding, the control and the ordinary cobalt groups in-creased (P<0.05) more than the nanocobalt group. After 3hrs, adding nanocobalt has lower significant values for NH3-N than those others. Where, the control group recorded the lowest value. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed at 0, 3and 6 hrs. after feeding for all blood parameters. There was a slight in-crease for most of body measurements with nanocobalt supplement. It could be concluded that adding nanocobalt for goats' rations en-hanced growth performance, digestibility coef-ficients, rumen parameters and slightly body measurements without any diverse effect on animals' health.

Rearing mulberry silkworm was found to be dependent on leaves quality of mulberry trees, larvae of mulberry silkworm fed on two species of mulberry trees Morus alba and Mo-rus nigra were treated with foliar fertilizer (Basfoliar 20-19-19 SP contains 20% N, 19% P2O5, 19% K2O, 5% NO3, 3.6% NH4 and 11.4% NH2) with three different concentra-tions,1%, 3% and 6% in addition to control treatment for comparison. When larvae were fed on leaves of mulberry trees one day after Treatment, high mortality (up to 100%) was observed specially with 6% concentration. Mean weights of larvae, cocoons and cocoon shell and fecundity were negatively affected when compared to control. On the other hand, when larvae were fed on leaves of mulberry trees, no mortality occurred after two weeks of treatment in all concentrations, in addition, the mean weights of larvae at the end of 4th and 5th instar larvae, cocoons and cocoon shell s in-creased at 3% concentration compared with other concentrations and control. The highest fecundity occurred in female moths when lar-vae were fed on leaves of M .nigra compared with M. alba as well as 3% concentration com-pared with other concentrations and control.

The foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine is used to control the FMD in cloven-hoofed animals including calves. The most important step in vaccine preparation is the selection of a suitable adjuvant which plays a main role in the vaccine’s potency. The present study is an attempt to use clinoptilolite instead of Montanide oil to enhance the efficiency of the FMD vaccine and reduce its production cost. Twelve calves were split into four groups. Three groups were vaccinated with FMD vaccine with different adjuvants i.e. 100% Montanide (ISA 206), 50% of Montanide with 1.0 μg/dose of clinoptilolite (ISA 206+CLINP), and by replacing the 100% of Montanide to 1μg/dose of clinoptilolite (CLINP). The fourth group was unvaccinated. Results showed that calves vaccinated with (ISA 206+CLINP) FMD vaccine expressed the highest and the longest periods of immune response until 38 weeks. While groups vaccinated with (CLINP) or (ISA 206) vaccine showed only protection up to 26 and 34 weeks respectively. Also, our results showed that clinoptilolite improved organ functions resulting from the stress of vaccines. Finally, this study recommended the use of clinoptilolite with Montanide oil as a potential adjuvant in the FMD vaccine to give high stimulation of the immune response.

A series of lab and field experiments were carried out to evaluate the possibility of using some substances as adjuvants added to the foliar fertilizer tank to improve fertilizer application and enhance use efficiency. Each of the suggested substances was prepared in 10 concentrations treatments, ranging between 0.05 and 2g/L. The effect of each concentration on static surface tension and static contact angle in liquid/air/glass and solid plant leaves/air interface were used to evaluate and find out the optimum concentration of each substance to be used as an adjuvant. An Adjmix-D1 was pre-pared using 0.6g/L Triethanolamine and 0.6g/L liquid soap as surfactants, 0.6g/L glycerin as a humectant, 0.6 g/L Arabic gum as a sticker and 0.6g/L urea as a penetrator. The obtained results showed that fruit yield as well as N, K, Fe, Zn and Mn contents in white eggplants and cucumber leaves are positively increased by the applications of improved foliar fertilizers (IFF). This increase can be arranged in the following descending order: Adjmix-D1 > Adjmix-D2 > Liquid soap > Rixi film > Triethanolamine. It could be concluded that the Adjmix-D1 can be used as an effective adjuvant for improving foliar fertilizer application efficiency.

Aphid is a major insect pest attacking ornamental plants. It causes great damage by reducing the economic values of plants. The investigated research aims to determine the relation between leaf biochemical components, morphological structures of plant leaf surface and the susceptibility of seven ornamental plants to Aphid Infestation. Highest recorded aphid infestation was observed on Tecoma stans during 2017 and 2018 seasons followed by Rosa damascena and Jasminum grandiflorum. There was no rec-orded infestation on four inspected ornamental plants, Ruta graveolens, Schefflera actinophylla, Nerium oleander and Bougainvillea spectabilis. Activity of antioxidant enzymes plays as defense line when increasing the insect population density. Biochemical components are varied among different plants that prevents or reduces insect infestation, as tannins, total phenol, and Phenol oxidase. Trichomes are considered as main morphological character in plant defense system. These results enhanced utilization resistant ornamental plants due to preventing aphid infestation. It is considered one of the integrated pest management programs, that achieves health environment without more insecticidal application.

Excessive exposure to lead may damage the liver by increasing oxidative stress, leading to many serious diseases. Dietary antioxidants may protect the liver from damage. Therefore, the effect of ethanolic and aqueous turmeric extracts against lead-induced liver damage was evaluated by estimating liver function and antioxidant/oxidative stress biomarkers. Forty rats were divided into group (A) served as the control and group (B) was treated with 93 mg/kg b.wt. lead nitrate; while group (C) and group (D) were treated as group B in addition to 400 mg/kg b.wt. of turmeric aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Group B showed a significant increase in the activities of alanine transaminase by 10 folds, aspartate transaminase by 9 folds, alkaline phosphatase by 3 folds and the level of malondialdehyde by 10 folds, while showed a significant decrease in albumin by 60%, total protein by 54.5%, and superoxide dismutase by 80.5%, catalase by 75% and glutathione by 71.6% in comparison with those of the control group. On the other hand, turmeric treatments (groups C and D) led to a readjustment of levels for such biomarkers. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of turmeric extracts (particularly the ethanolic extract) to improve the fatal effect of lead in a rat model.

In the sake of enhancing the thermal stability of α-Tocopheryl acetate (α-TA) and Strawberry Anthocyanins (AN), their encapsulation with starch or β-Cyclodextrin were prepared and characterized by UV-Vis and IR spectra in addition to thermal analysis. Thermal stability was investigated by comparing the thermographs of each host and guest with that of the prepared complex. Both hosts provided extra thermal stability to both guests where α-TA is stabilized from 230 to 291oC by complexation with starch and to 285oC by encapsulation with β-CD. AN was also stabilized from 40.02oC to 75.57 and 79.46oC by complexation with starch and β-CD respectively.

This study was conducted to reduce the volume of solid wastes by using unmarketable potato tubers for producing biodegradable plastic films to substitute oil-based plastics “OBP” which is often not biodegradable. Starch-based plastic films “SBP” were produced with different concentrations of glycerol (5, 10,15, 20,25, 30, 99.5%v/v) as a plasticizer. The physical properties of SBP including thickness, density, water absorption, and biodegradability, were studied, as well as mechanical properties including tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation % and the required energy for the firm were also investigated compared with OBP samples. The results showed that the maximum value of extracted starch was 13.5% obtained by blending potato tubers. SBP films with elevated glycerol concentration in-creased the sample thickness but decreased its density. Glycerol 20% gave the best flexible compact structure SBP films. The average thickness and density of SBP film (20% glycerol) were 0.25 mm and 80.11 Kg/m3 respectively. Meanwhile, the average thickness and density for OBP films were 0.41 mm and 24.39 Kg/m3 respectively. The rate of mass loss of SBP films with 20% glycerol concentration was 72% after 96 days while the rate of mass loss for OBP films is neglectable. Consumed energy for the firm was 44.05 and 31.06 N. mm.

In this research, a rule-based expert system named EFSIS-ES (Engineering Factors of Sprinkler Irrigation System -Expert System) had been built, verified and validated. Therefore, the aims of this research were to build, verify and validate an expert system for making a decision for the normal user to maximize system efficiency of sprinkler irrigation. The inputs data included location data, climate data, pump data, crop data, soil data and sprinkler system data. The outputs of the expert system were number of the sprinklers on a lateral, number of laterals in the irrigation system, length of each lateral, main line length, irrigation frequency, required pump power, total dynamic head (TDH) and pump discharge output. Results showed high correlation (R2 = 0.9927) between the EFSIS-ES program and the designed spreadsheet in regard to irrigation frequency. It could be indicated high correlation (R2 = 0.9999) between the EFSIS-ES program and the designed spreadsheet regarding pump power. The regression coefficient (R2) was 0.9983 between EFSIS-ES program and SSSDPS Expert regarding total dynamic head (TDH). It could be indicated high correlation (R2 = 0.9979) between EFSIS-ES program and SSSDPS Expert regarding pump discharge output.

The experiments were Carried out in Biahmu Village at Al-Fayoum Governorate, Egypt during the two winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, on wheat crop to (cv. Gemmiza 11) evaluate the traditional surface irrigation system "TSIS" and the improved surface irrigation system "ISIS"(terrace), under laser leveling with two slops (S1≈ zero% and S2 ≈ 3%). The evaluation parameters included; reduction in land loss "LL", the roughness coefficient of marwa-walls, water efficiencies (i.e., water conveyance efficiencies "WCE", water application efficiencies "WAE" and water storage efficiencies "WSE"), yield productivity "Yp", total applied water and water required, irrigation water productivity "IWP" and times of water advance, recession and opportunity. The results concluded that improving traditional marwa, led to reduction in land loss by 49.46% from the area of marwa, and "WCE" increased by 83.17% in improved Marwa "IM" the compare to Traditional Marwa "TM. It was observed that on the efficiency of water added to the field irrigated by "TM". The highest level of water productivity (1.79kg wheat/m3 water) was achieved in "IM" at a level of 3%. Advanced time "T.Adv" (min) decreased at 50, 50.77, 27.6, 20.75, and 17.17% and 30.9, 40.51, 22.8, 10.89 and7.05% for "TL and IL" by sloping to "S2".