In this study, we examined eight white inbred lines of maize and their F1 crosses under normal and drought stress conditions to estimate their combining ability for grain yield and associated traits. The results showed significant correlation (mean squares) of irrigation treatment with the studied traits. The effects of parents, crosses, and genotypes were all determined to be highly significant under both irrigation levels. Grain yield and other traits showed significant differences (mean squares) associated with both General combining ability (GCA) and Specific combining ability (SCA) under both irrigation regimes, demonstrating the importance of both additive and nonadditive genetic effects in the expression of performance traits. The parental line (P-86) had positive and highly significant GCA effects, as well as the crosses (P-17×P-96), (P-8×P-96), (P-8×P-171), (P-24×P-86), (P-86×P-96), (P-86×P-171), and (P-96×P-171) which then gave the highest specific combinations under both irrigation regimes for grain yield and some of the associated traits. The highest level of heterosis (heterobeltiosis) for grain yield was obtained in the crosses (P-8×P-96), (P-8×P-137), (P-8×P-171), (P-96×P137), and (P-96×P-171) under both irrigation regimes.

In this research, a rule-based expert system named EFSIS-ES (Engineering Factors of Sprinkler Irrigation System -Expert System) had been built, verified and validated. Therefore, the aims of this research were to build, verify and validate an expert system for making a decision for the normal user to maximize system efficiency of sprinkler irrigation. The inputs data included location data, climate data, pump data, crop data, soil data and sprinkler system data. The outputs of the expert system were number of the sprinklers on a lateral, number of laterals in the irrigation system, length of each lateral, main line length, irrigation frequency, required pump power, total dynamic head (TDH) and pump discharge output. Results showed high correlation (R2 = 0.9927) between the EFSIS-ES program and the designed spreadsheet in regard to irrigation frequency. It could be indicated high correlation (R2 = 0.9999) between the EFSIS-ES program and the designed spreadsheet regarding pump power. The regression coefficient (R2) was 0.9983 between EFSIS-ES program and SSSDPS Expert regarding total dynamic head (TDH). It could be indicated high correlation (R2 = 0.9979) between EFSIS-ES program and SSSDPS Expert regarding pump discharge output.

The experiments were Carried out in Biahmu Village at Al-Fayoum Governorate, Egypt during the two winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, on wheat crop to (cv. Gemmiza 11) evaluate the traditional surface irrigation system "TSIS" and the improved surface irrigation system "ISIS"(terrace), under laser leveling with two slops (S1≈ zero% and S2 ≈ 3%). The evaluation parameters included; reduction in land loss "LL", the roughness coefficient of marwa-walls, water efficiencies (i.e., water conveyance efficiencies "WCE", water application efficiencies "WAE" and water storage efficiencies "WSE"), yield productivity "Yp", total applied water and water required, irrigation water productivity "IWP" and times of water advance, recession and opportunity. The results concluded that improving traditional marwa, led to reduction in land loss by 49.46% from the area of marwa, and "WCE" increased by 83.17% in improved Marwa "IM" the compare to Traditional Marwa "TM. It was observed that on the efficiency of water added to the field irrigated by "TM". The highest level of water productivity (1.79kg wheat/m3 water) was achieved in "IM" at a level of 3%. Advanced time "T.Adv" (min) decreased at 50, 50.77, 27.6, 20.75, and 17.17% and 30.9, 40.51, 22.8, 10.89 and7.05% for "TL and IL" by sloping to "S2".

This experiment was done during 2019 and 2020 seasons on 10 years old Murcott tangerine trees (Citrus reticulata, Blanco) grafted on Volkamer lemon rootstock and grown under drip irrigation system at 3 × 5 m apart at a private citrus orchard at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The treatments were, Control treatment (sprayed with tape water only), Potassium silicate at 0.6 % (6 ml/ l), Aluminum silicate (Kaolin) at 4 %, Potassium silicate at 0.3 % (3 ml/ l) + Aluminum silicate (Kaolin) at 2 %. The treatments were done at 3 weeks intervals from mid-May to mid-August. The spraying was over the whole tree (canopy and fruits). Generally, all silica treatments improved yield, fruit quality and reduced sunburned and splitted fruits. The combined treatment of kaolin at 2 % + potassium silicate at 0.3 % (3 ml/ l), was the best treatment. Where, it reduced the sunburned and splitted fruits and improved yield, fruit weight, fruit dimensions, peel thickness, TSS% in comparison with other treatments. It could be recommended as a treatment for Murcotte tangarine trees

The research was performed at the Department of Animal Production's fish laboratory, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt. The research was conducted to assess the impact of commercial powder probiotic (ZADO®) on growth efficiency of Nile tilapia mono-sex fish (O. niloticus), which were fed on basal experimental diet (the control group)and other 4 experimental diet, which was the basic diet augmented with 0.25,0.5,0.75 and 1% of ZADO® for T1, T2,T3,T4 andT5, respectively. The Five experimental treatments were performed in three replicates each, the experimental aquaria were part of closed recirculating system, where environmental parameters were kept constant throughout the experimental period. Fifteen aquaria 60 × 40 × 30 cm, width, depth, and height, respectively each was stocked with 15 fish. The mean individual initial body weight (4.04 g/fish) was recorded at the start of the experiment. All fish in each aquarium throughout the entire experimental period were weighed every two weeks. The experimental fish were fed 32 % crude proteinbased diet for (98 days). The daily feed allowances were calculated as 5% of fish body weight and were divided into 3 portions fed at 8 am, 12 pm and 4 pm. The Results of the experiment indicated that T2 had the largest significant (P<0.05) final body weight (FBW g/fish), average weight gain (AWG, g/fish), specific growth rate (SGR % day), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among all the experimental groups. In addition, no substantial variations (p > 0.05) were found in protein productive value (PPV). Although significant effects (p <0.05) have been reported in fish body crud protein (CP) and fat (EE) in T2. By increasing ZADO levels in experimental diets higher than 0)25% no significant effect were observed.

The present investigation was carried out throughout the two successive seasons 2018 and 2019. Mango trees were grown in a private farm located at Wadi Elmullak El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of pinching early flowering in the winter severity on tree yield and fruit quality of Mango ‘Tommy Atkins’ cultivar. The old of the mango cultivar under this study was 15 years old and planted as 3x4 m apart grafted on ‘Saber’ seedling rootstocks, grown in sandy soil and irrigated through drip irrigation system. Mango trees were subjected to deinflorescence in mid-February by manual removing emerged inflorescence as follows complete removing (removing of 100% of emerging inflorescences), sever removing (75% of emerging inflorescences), moderated removing (50% of emerging inflorescences), light removing (25% of emerging inflorescences) and control (without removing inflorescences). Results showed that complete removing treatment significantly increased fruit yield as compared with other applications or untreated trees in the two studied seasons. Similar trend was observed regarding yield increment (%) where was superior to control treatment in the two seasons. Moderated and light treatments caused enhancement in some fruit physical properties when compared with 100% or 75% removal treatments. Complete removing treatment was superior to other treatments regarding total acidity percentage and vitamin C. In conclusion complete removing (100% of emerging inflorescences) in mid- Feb. could be a practicable choice for continued production for the ‘Tommy Atkins’ under the environmental conditions of exported mango orchards

Nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) have an important role in quality and safety of traditional Baramily cheese (Domiati cheese related type). Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify NSLAB with potential technological features from traditional Baramily cheese. Thirty-three samples of Baramily cheese randomly collected from retails in Cairo metropolitan area. The samples were characterized by physiochemical, textural profile and microbiological analysis. Ninety presumptive NSLAB (30 Lactobacillus spp < /em>. and 35 Enterococcus spp < /em>.) strains were isolated on MRS and Kenner-Faecal (KF) Streptococci media; and were characterized for growth temperature, salt tolerance and milk coagulation. All presumptive NSLAB isolates were tolerant to 6.5 % NaCl. Of them, 40 isolates were tolerant to 10.0 % NaCl including 16 presumptive Lactobacillus spp < /em>., and 24 presumptive Enterococcus spp < /em>. isolates based on the results, 11 representative isolates with potential technological features were selected for genetic identification using 16S rRNA technique, then were confirmed for growth and acidity development in skim milk within 48 h, and were tested for antimicrobial activity against some food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. The eleven isolates were identified as Ent. durans (1), Ent. faecalis (5), Lb. paraplantarum (1), Lb. plantarum (3), and Lb. rhamnosus (1). All isolated strains were confirmed active in skim milk, and some exhibited antimicrobial activity against tested food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Both Lb. rhamnosus and Lb. plantarum were confirmed as the isolates with high activity in milk. Ent. durans and Ent. faecalis exhibited antimicrobial activity against Enterobacer aerogenes and E. coli. However, Lb. plantarum exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Enterobacer aerogenes, E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa. Listeria. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and Campylobacter. jejuni showed significant resistance to all tested NSLAB isolates. They can be concluded that the identified NSLAB isolated can be used to standardized and improve the quality and safety of Baramily cheese and other types related to Domiati cheese

The aim of this research is to trace recent changes in family expenditures on food commodities between 2015 and 2017/18. The data is drawn from CAPMAS publications on family income, expenditure, and consumption for both years. Three food groups are explored in this paper: 1- The aggregate group of food and beverages; 2-The grains and bread group; and 3- The meat group. Two statistical models are utilized for the purposes of data analysis. The first model is known as Working's model and the second model is the well-Known double logarithmic model. The analysis shows that the expenditure elasticity of the aggregate group of food and beverages ranges between 0.423 for high-income urban families in 2017/18 to 0.763 for urban poor families in 2015. For rural families the same elasticity is about 0.313 for high-income families in 2017/18 and about 0.751 for poor families in 2015. These estimates are derived from the OLS estimates of Working's model. The double logarithmic model gives one single estimate for expenditure elasticity for the entire set of data. For example, the expenditure elasticity for all families in 2017/18 is 0.63 in urban areas and 0.59 in rural areas according to the double logarithmic model. The same estimates are 0.64 for urban areas and 0.56 for rural areas according to Working's model. The Working's model fits the family survey data quite well and gives multiple estimates of expenditure elasticity according to the level of family income. In contrast, the double logarithmic model gives one estimate of expenditure elasticity that does not change with the level of family income. That is Working's model would be more suitable for policy analysis purposes.

The agricultural sector is the main pillar of the Egyptian economic structure, as it represents main source of food and clothing. In addition, it contributes to of the national income and Egypt faces a deficit in agricultural production, on the other hand consumption exceeds local production, and food is considered a vital necessity for people that cannot be dispensed. This research includes the statistical assessment of the macroeconomic econometric model of the variables of demand and supply of maize during the period (2005-2019), and the problem has become one of the most important problems threatening development in Egypt It has dangerous dimensions for the agricultural sector in particular and for the Egyptian economy in general, and that Egypt is still suffering from a food gap in most food commodities in a way that threatens Egyptian food security, as the equation of imports of corn shows that the volume of imports decreases by about 0.31%, 0.70% each An increase in the import price in dollars per ton, the average per capita production of the current year by 1%, meaning that the most influential variable in the volume of imports of corn in a particular year was the import price in dollars per ton, the average per capita production. It was also found that about 65% of the changes in imports of corn are due to the change in the independent variables under study, and that the average imports, production, and consumption of maize during the same period is 10.39, 6.67, 17.60 million tons, respectively, 15 % increase in the import price causes decreased in the quantity imported by 0.31%, The average of imports, production, and consumption of maize during the same period was 10.66, 7.70 and 17.80 million tons, respectively.

Fruit peels annually accumulate in huge amounts, fruit wastes are rich in lignocellulo-sic component which can be recovered into mono simple carbohydrates able to utilize for bioethanol production. The enzymatic hydrol-ysis of lignocelluloses is known to be a key to the second-generation biofuel, the challenge is the still expensive enzymes involved in the saccharification process, loss of the most hem-icellulose pentose sugars which were non-fer-mentable as base, beside the presence of ham-pers lignin thus require to resolve its problem.As part of study, followed the cost-effective means for bioethanol producing from four fruit peels (Banana, Orange, Mango and Water-melon), yielding of enzymes from co-fungal cultivation carried by Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, followed by co-fermentation of the saccharified sugars us-ing yeast belong to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus which contrib-uted for bioethanol production in 8 L lab-scale reactor. The fermented sugars recovering was reached to 27.77 g.l-1 from banana peels which were found to be good exploited as potential raw source, co-fungal enzymatic hydrolysis followed by yeast co-fermentation led to sub-stantial yield by 10.74 g.l-1, the adding of calcium oxide increased the purity which leads finally to 97.5 wt % of pure bioethanol. Thrust towards fossil fuels replacement with renewa-ble clean fuels such as bioethanol by using fruit peels residuals which are considered renewa-ble energy source may also help in CO2 miti-gation.