Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most destructive dis-eases potato in Egypt and world wide. Stability of resistance to late blight was eva-luated in twenty five potato cultivars during 2003 and 2004 successive seasons un-der heavy natural infection. Data showed that the potato cultivars Altesse, Occania, Safrane and Soleia highly resistant while cultivars Daisy, Hermine and Isabel rec-orded the highest susceptibility to late blight. Application different fungicide against potato late blight revealed that Aquagen Bro and Previcur-N were the best effective fungicides in reducing disease severity and progress of late blight. Data showed also that the losses of tubers due to late blight in season 2003 ranged from 11.75 Kg/plot (cultivar Hermes) to 18.0 Kg/plot (cultivar Lady Roseta) while in season 2004, yield losses ranged from 11.25 Kg/plot (cultivar Hermes) to 23.75 Kg/plot (cultivar Spun-ta). The results demonstrate that integration of Previcur-N treatment with host resis-tance was effective in reducing late blight and tuber yield loss of potato.

A blend Juice prepared from apple juice and kiwifruit juice (60:40 v/v), was pas-teurized and stored for 3 and 6 months at 4o and 25oC untill analysis. Sensory evalu-ation showed significant differences between the fresh and pasteurized blend juice in all sensory attributes. The headspace volatiles of fresh apple, fresh kiwifruit, fresh and stored pasteurized blend juice at different temperatures were collected and sub-jected to GC and GC-MS analysis. A total of 33 volatile components were identi-fied, 18 esters (17 aliphatic and one aromatic), 6 alcohols, 3 aldehydes, 3 terpenic hydrocarbons, 2 ketones and 1 carboxylic acid. The volatile components in the pas-teurized blend juice showed considerable quantitative and qualitative variations dur-ing storage. By comparative study between the blend juice and fresh apple, fresh kiwifruit juices it was clear that the pasteurization process caused a remarkable in-crease in the total esters content due to the high increase in methyl propanoate, me-thyl butanoate and methyl benzoate. Pasteurization caused a sharp decrease in buta-nol which is the most abundant compound in fresh apple juice. All alcohols showed the same trend except ethanol. Pasteurization revealed a remarkable decrease in (E)–2-hexenal which is the most abundant compound in fresh kiwifruit juice. Regarding the effect of storage it was noted that the blend juice stored at 4oC showed high qual-ity after 3 months due to the remarkable increase in the contents of total ester, buta-nol, and (E) –2- hexenal with a decrease in limonene, but after 6 months the good quality was attributed to the high increase in ethyl butanoate concentration. While stroage at 25oC showed good quality after 3 months due to the very high increase in total esters content which attributed to a greate increase in ethyl butanoate concen-tration (which gave sweet and fruity aroma to juice), but storage for 6 months gave rise to a sharp decrease in ethyl butanoate which led to a high loss in aroma quality.

A number of 192 samples (180 water & swab specimens and 12 patient sputa)were chosen from different sites of Mansoura University Hospitals for detection anddiagnosis of Legionella pneumophila. Out of the 192 samples, 148 were positive byculture method and non-specific staining technique such as gram staining andbiochemical analysis. In our trials for diagnosis of Legionella pneumophila, wefound that 107 of 148 samples were positive by slide agglutination test and 110samples were positive by direct immunoflourescence assay, while 130 samples werepositive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique which proved to be the mostspecific and sensitive technique for diagnostic investigation of L. pneumophila. Theresults show that the four disinfectant procedures (chlorine, ozone, U.V. light andheat) were effective in eradicating Legionella pneumophila from different watersamples. Both UV light and heat (60ºC) produced a 5 log kill in less than 1 h. Incontrast, both chlorine and ozone required 5 h of exposure to produce a 5 logdecrease. Neither turbidity nor the higher temperature of 43ºC impaired the efficacyof any of the disinfectant methods.

This study has been conducted to investigate the possibility of using flour of wheat grain var. Research-32, cultivated locally in the Republic of Yemen, in making high quality bread.  Moisture content, specific weigh and weight of 1000 grains were determined.  Wheat grains of the new cultivars were treated and milled into flour of 72% extraction.  Chemical and Rheological characteristics of the extracted flour were tested against those of SNABLE wheat flour (a mixture of wheat grains of different varieties).  Physical and organoleptic characteristics of loaf made of wheat flours were also evaluated.  Results indicated that wheat grains of Research-32 were characterized by its high specific weight, weight of 1000 grains and extraction rate.  Percentages of total protein, wet gluten and water absorption capacity. Research-32 wheat flour was found to be significantly higher (α 0.05) than that of SNABLE wheat flour.  Results of sensory evaluation of loaf showed that Bread made of Research-32 wheat flour treated with 0.0% and 0.3% lecithin were higher in organoleptic characteristics than those made of SNABLE wheat flour.

The recent study aims to identify the Impact of Domestique culture variations on the degree of political participation for rural women at two different sub-cultures in rural Egypt. In addition identify factors affecting the degree of rural women participation in political issues. In order to accomplish the study objectives, Qalubiya Governorate was selected to represent the culture of Lower-Egypt Governorates, and Minia Governorate was selected to represent the culture of Upper-Egypt Governorates. Each Governorate,s administrative districts were divided into three categories (High, Medium, Low) based upon their human development indices, related to status of woman at those communities. Two districts were selected randomly from the medium category of the common human development index, Banha district from Qalubiya Governorate, and Maghagha district from Minia Governorate. From each of those districts two local village units were randomly selected. Within each of those previously mentioned villages, a random sample of 160 rural women was selected, and the total sample was 640 rural women. A questionnaire was designed and collected using the personal interview (after it was pre-tested) during August, September, and October 2003, then the data were tabulated and analyzed by using X2 coefficient. The study findings showed that about 43% of the total sample have low level of political participation, medium category represents about 28%, and high category of the political participation

Cotton in Egypt has an important economic situation. Thus the study aimed to evaluate the expected economic effects and productivity of environmental factors on Egyptian cotton production. This comes by predicting production yield value and evaluating its return due to cultural and environmental desired and undesired variables. So, convenient production pattern could be determined to obtain maximum yield under these variables effect. The study clarified that expected cotton yield under desired environmental variables will be ranges between 4169-4336 thousand quintar, with an average equal 4253 thousand quintar. This production will realize national net income ranges between 429.37- 474.68 million L.E., with an average equal 452.03 million L. E. Meanwhile, the expected cotton yield under undesired environmental variables ranges between 3171- 3338 thousand quintar with an average equals 3255 thousand quintar. This yield will realize national net income ranges between 33.37- 78.60 million L. E. with an average equals 55.99 million L.E. The study also indicated that cotton crop is one of the extremely affected crops by the environmental and cultural variables extended in its production zones due its long life period. This is detected by its decrease in the production value undesired environmental factors, where this decrease ranges between 23.02% to 23.94% of the

Four olive cultivars namely Manzanello, Picual, Coratina and Arbicon grown at Wadi El-Natroon area, Egypt under drip irrigation system in sandy soil were compared for optimizing their own yield as well as fruit quality parameters during 2001 (off-year) and 2002 (on-year), by application of an integrated and balanced fertigaion program including macro and micro-nutrients. Results showed that remarkable and significant differences in leaf mineral contents, yield and yield quality parameters were detected by using well distributed fertilizer program during the growing season of olive trees. The treated four cultivars attained higher yield in the “on” and “off” year than the control. The most outstanding olive cultivars having greater yield were Picual, Manzanello, Coratina and Arbicon in a descending order. Oil percentage was maximized with Picual olive while, Arbicon olive had the lowest value. Free fatty acids (%), Iodine number as well as Acidity (%) were minimized in Coratina olive and the lowest peroxide number as was in Picual olive. It is apparent that for planting Picual olive variety proved to be the promising one due to its greatest yield and best fruit quality specially when the actual requirements of macro and micro nutrients were used through the drip irrigation system.

Two field trials were carried out at South Tahrir Research Station (Ali- Moubark). These trials were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to evaluate three planting dates of maize (the over story shade crop) intercropped with groundnut i.e, on 1st June, 10th June and 20th June, and four plant densities of maize intercropped with groundnut, i.e, maize was spaced at 50 and 100 cm apart leaving one or two plants/hill. Groundnut (the main crop) was grown on all rows. The data obtained indicate that ear length, ear diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row and the weight of 100grains increased with increasing maize spacing as well as with diminishing the number of plants remained per hill after thinning (to one plant/ hill). On other hand dense planting resulted in higher yield of maize whether by narrowing maize spacing or increasing the number of maize plants per hill after thinning. Yield and yield components of maize were significantly decreased by delaying planting date of maize up to the latest date. Yield /fed and yield components of groundnut were associated with maize density and distribution. The more the shade offered by maize the less the values of these traits were obtained. Highest values were obtained when maize was spaced at 100cm. and thinned to one plant/ hill. Increases in the values of yield and yield components of groundnut were associated with delaying the planting date of maize. Delaying the planting date of maize resulted in increases in the values of land equivalent ratio (LER) and the relative crowding coefficient. The treatment effect at any planting date of maize exerted very low competitive pressure when aggressivity was measured. With delaying seeding maize, competitive ratio (CR) diminished to the least. Spacing maize at 50cm. apart and leaving two plants / hill after thinning resulted in highest value of LER and relative crowding coefficient (RCC). Nor any maize density had any heavy competitive pressure on groundnut when aggressivity was measured

Different types of whey proteins concentrate (WPC) were prepared in Brewaster Dairy pilot plant at Ohio State Univ. USA and used for formulating an infant formula and compared with Alacen 841 (Commercial WPC) as control to select the best WPC preparations which succeed in manufacture of infant formula. Infant formula was prepared with different types of WPC (Alacen 841, UF 5x, UF4x, DF 8x and DF 4x). The ratio of WPC: sodium caseinate was 40: 60. Salt, sucrose, lecithin and vegetable oil were added then homogenized and sterilized after sealing at 121ºC for 6 minute, cooled in an ice bath and stored at room temperature. Samples were analyzed chemically and organoleptically when fresh and after storage at room temperature for three months. Emulsion volume index (EVI), viscosity, protein solubility, sedimentation and particle size were determined before and after sterilization. Results showed that EVI, viscosity, sedimentation and particle size increased after sterilization than before where as protein solubility take an opposite trend. Emulsion volume index, viscosity, sedimentation and particle sizes were increased after storage at room temperature for three months than fresh. Whereas proteins solubility deceased after storage than fresh. Statistical analysis showed high significant difference (α0.05) for emulsion volume index, protein solubility, viscosity, particle size and sedimentation.

Degradation aspects in terms of kinetics of the tested samples namely  dates, oranges and olive residues by the dromedary ruminal microflora is comparatively studied with vetch-oat hay as a standard. The results indicate greater hydrolytic ac-tivity of the dromedary ruminal microflora towards dates and orange residues than both olive residues and hay.  Fermentation of dates and orange residues reaches their stationary phase after 24 hours and olive wastes after 48 hours. However, fermentation process was marked by two phase; namely the degradation of soluble fraction and that of cellulosic one. The results showed also that types of substrate is a determining factor for in vitro gas production. In fact, substrate rich in cellular content (dates and orange residues) is characterised by a fast fermentation that moves towards CO2 production, and it is marked by a long latency phase. On contrary,  the fibrous substrate degradation (olive residues and hay) is tributary of less long latency period and generates CH4. The degradation level observed indicates that the dates and oranges residues might represent an acceptable source of energy for dromedary. On the other hand, the olive residues, in spite of being rich in organic matter, cannot be used in animal feeding.