The recent study aims to identify the Impact of Domestique culture variations on the degree of political participation for rural women at two different sub-cultures in rural Egypt. In addition identify factors affecting the degree of rural women participation in political issues. In order to accomplish the study objectives, Qalubiya Governorate was selected to represent the culture of Lower-Egypt Governorates, and Minia Governorate was selected to represent the culture of Upper-Egypt Governorates. Each Governorate,s administrative districts were divided into three categories (High, Medium, Low) based upon their human development indices, related to status of woman at those communities. Two districts were selected randomly from the medium category of the common human development index, Banha district from Qalubiya Governorate, and Maghagha district from Minia Governorate. From each of those districts two local village units were randomly selected. Within each of those previously mentioned villages, a random sample of 160 rural women was selected, and the total sample was 640 rural women. A questionnaire was designed and collected using the personal interview (after it was pre-tested) during August, September, and October 2003, then the data were tabulated and analyzed by using X2 coefficient. The study findings showed that about 43% of the total sample have low level of political participation, medium category represents about 28%, and high category of the political participation

A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation timing on growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium cuttings. AMF inocula were either directly applied to cutting (AMFC), or applied at transplanting stage (AMFT). The data showed: a significant difference in plant growth of AMF treatment compared with non-inoculated treatment at transplanting stage. Rooting rate in AMF treatment was 99% whereas it was 77% in non-mycorrhizal inoculated. The colonization rate was 53.9% in AMF treatment, while no in non-AMF treatment. Tap root length and number of lateral roots in AMF treatments were twice of those recorded for non-AMF treatments. Inoculation of AMF significantly increased shoot and root growth at transplanting stage. After transplantation, chrysanthemum plants in AMFC and AMFT treatments had 76.42 and 64.24% colonization rate, respectively. Plant height, leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoots, stems and roots in AMF inoculation treatments (AMFC and AMFT) increased significantly than those of control plants. AMF inoculation significantly shortened flowering time compared with non-AMF plants. Fresh weight, width and length of flowers in AMFC and AMFT treatments were generally higher than those in control. However, a significant increase in fresh weight, width and length of flowers was found in AMFC compared with AMFT treatment. A significant increase of macronutrient concentrations in leaves was observed for AMFC treatment compared with control. Mn concentration in AMFC and AMFT was more than double of that in control. In roots, macro and micronutrient concentrations were generally higher in AMFC than AMFT or control treatments

Two whitefly species, Aleurotuberculatus jasmini Takahashi and Dialeurodes kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) were found infesting Arabian jasmine shrubs, Jasminium sambac at the Botanic Garden of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra, Qalyubiya, Egypt. To obtain basic ecological data for both species, samples of Arabian jasmine leaves were conducted every ten-day intervals throughout one complete year (January to December 2004). Seasonal fluctuations of alive total population, nymphs and adults (empty exuviae) of the both species indicated that the D. kirkaldyi was more dominant one than A. jasmini throughout the tested year. Three periods of seasonal abundance for both species were established. Three annual field generations were estimated for D. kirkaldyi, which lasted 170, 90 and 100 days, respectively. While A. jasmini passed throughout five annual field generations, which lasted 80, 80, 70, 60 and 70 days, respectively. The effects of nine ecological factors (7 physical +2 biotic) on the population dynamics of alive nymphs population for both species were estimated. Each factor gave variable effects for both species while the combined effects of these nine factors were responsible as a group for about 74.2% and 95.5% of the changes in nymphal population densities of D. kirkaldyi and A. jasmini, respectively.

Field trials were conducted at El-Gharbia governorate to determine the insecticidal activities of chlorpyrifos-methyl, profenofos and methomyl on tomato plants against the cotton leaf-worm (Spodotera littoralis). Data showed the high initial mortality (100, 100 and 100%) against the second and the fourth instars larvae with reasonable persistence. The residues of these insecticides on fruits of the sprayed and contaminated tomato plants were determined by GLC and HPLC, with recoveries of 100, 100 and 94.58%, respectively. The initial deposits of chlorpyrifos-methyl, profenofos and methomyl were 2.10, 2.58 and 20.11ppm, while decreased to 0.19, 1.41 and 0.33ppm after 3,1 and 13 days from spraying, respectively, such residue levels are below the maximum residue level (MRL). The estimated half-life values (t0.5) were 0.4898, 1.026 and 1.1867 days for the same insecticides, respectively

Two field trials were carried out at South Tahrir Research Station (Ali- Moubark). These trials were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to evaluate three planting dates of maize (the over story shade crop) intercropped with groundnut i.e, on 1st June, 10th June and 20th June, and four plant densities of maize intercropped with groundnut, i.e, maize was spaced at 50 and 100 cm apart leaving one or two plants/hill. Groundnut (the main crop) was grown on all rows. The data obtained indicate that ear length, ear diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row and the weight of 100grains increased with increasing maize spacing as well as with diminishing the number of plants remained per hill after thinning (to one plant/ hill). On other hand dense planting resulted in higher yield of maize whether by narrowing maize spacing or increasing the number of maize plants per hill after thinning. Yield and yield components of maize were significantly decreased by delaying planting date of maize up to the latest date. Yield /fed and yield components of groundnut were associated with maize density and distribution. The more the shade offered by maize the less the values of these traits were obtained. Highest values were obtained when maize was spaced at 100cm. and thinned to one plant/ hill. Increases in the values of yield and yield components of groundnut were associated with delaying the planting date of maize. Delaying the planting date of maize resulted in increases in the values of land equivalent ratio (LER) and the relative crowding coefficient. The treatment effect at any planting date of maize exerted very low competitive pressure when aggressivity was measured. With delaying seeding maize, competitive ratio (CR) diminished to the least. Spacing maize at 50cm. apart and leaving two plants / hill after thinning resulted in highest value of LER and relative crowding coefficient (RCC). Nor any maize density had any heavy competitive pressure on groundnut when aggressivity was measured

Different types of whey proteins concentrate (WPC) were prepared in Brewaster Dairy pilot plant at Ohio State Univ. USA and used for formulating an infant formula and compared with Alacen 841 (Commercial WPC) as control to select the best WPC preparations which succeed in manufacture of infant formula. Infant formula was prepared with different types of WPC (Alacen 841, UF 5x, UF4x, DF 8x and DF 4x). The ratio of WPC: sodium caseinate was 40: 60. Salt, sucrose, lecithin and vegetable oil were added then homogenized and sterilized after sealing at 121ºC for 6 minute, cooled in an ice bath and stored at room temperature. Samples were analyzed chemically and organoleptically when fresh and after storage at room temperature for three months. Emulsion volume index (EVI), viscosity, protein solubility, sedimentation and particle size were determined before and after sterilization. Results showed that EVI, viscosity, sedimentation and particle size increased after sterilization than before where as protein solubility take an opposite trend. Emulsion volume index, viscosity, sedimentation and particle sizes were increased after storage at room temperature for three months than fresh. Whereas proteins solubility deceased after storage than fresh. Statistical analysis showed high significant difference (α0.05) for emulsion volume index, protein solubility, viscosity, particle size and sedimentation.

Seven cotton genotypes involving cvs. Giza 70, Giza, 77, Giza 86 and Giza 83 and the exotic varieties; Pima S7 and SeaIsland, as well as, the American Upland variety Tamcot C.E., were crossed in a diallel pattern, excluding reciprocals, in 2000 season to produce 21 F1 hybrids. Parents and F1­­'swere evaluated in 2001 season for eight economic traits. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all traits, revealing the presence of sufficient variability in the population. Significant desired negative mid and better parent heterosis were found for fiber-to-seed attachment force and days to flowering. Significant positive heterosis was also observed for yield and its components. The variances due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability, (SCA) were significant for all studied traits, indicating the importance of both additive and non additive gene action in the inheritance of these characters. The GCA/SCA ratio was found to be greater than unity, indicating predominance of additive and additive x additive types of gene action in the inheritance of these traits. Based on GCA effects, the Upland variety Tamcot C.E. proved to be the best general combiner for earliness, boll weight, seed index, seed cotton yield and lint cotton yield/ plant. Giza 83 seemed to be good combiner for fiber-to-seed attachment force, Giza 86 for lint percentage and Pima S7 for number of bolls per plant.

The effect of incorporating accustomed edible mushroom (Agaricus campestris) into processed cheese spread (PCSs) on the chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties was evaluated. Tiny pieces of mushroom accustomed with steeping into citric acid and boiling in emulsifying salt solution were added to the blend of the cheese spread base at the levels of 5,10 and 15 %. The resulting PCSs were stored at 7°C for 3 months. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded among the chemical composition of PCSs made without and with addition of mushroom. The incorporation of mushroom into PCSs resulted in higher contents of total solids, total protein, SN, ash, total carbohydrates and fiber, as well as pH values than the control spread. On the other hand, control treatment made without mushroom possessed the highest content in F/DM. Addition of mushroom to the base blend did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) in the salt and TVFA contents. The standard plate and psychrotrophic counts of PCSs made without and with mushroom showed slight differences when fresh and during the storage period. The standard plate counts slightly increased during the storage period reaching the maximum counts after one month, and then decreased with prolonged storage. Psychrotrophic bacteria gradually increased in all treatments throughout the storage period. On the other hand, no colonies were found from yeasts and molds, coliform and mesophilic anaerobic spores in all samples examined. Obvious differences (p < 0.05) were noticed in the organoleptic evaluation scores among all treatments of PCSs. The flavours of PCSs with mushroom were generally better and preferable when fresh and throughout the storage period. Addition of 15 % mushroom caused an over pieces of mushroom, which defected the body & texture and appearance & colour of the resulting spread. Therefore, PCSs with improved nutritional and functional values as well as acceptable organoleptic properties and good microbiological quality could be made by incorporation of accustomed edible mushroom into the base blend at the levels of 5 and 10% with refrigerated expiry period more than 3 months.

Phytostimulation microorganisms (PSM) viz. Trichoderma harzianum (TH), Bacillus subtilis (BS) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were tested individually or in mixed culture for their ability to induce pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins (chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase PAL) and phenolics in tomato plants grown in sterilized soilless medium artificially infested with or without the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORT). PSM-treated plants were more developed than non-treated control or inoculation with FORT. PSM-treated plants were effective in reducing diseases produced by FORT infection. Plants application with PSM significantly increased the activity of peroxidase, chitinase, β-1, 3-glucanase and PAL and accumulated phenolics in tomato plants compared to untreated control. Among the treatments, AM fungi recorded the maximum increase in the activities of all defense–related enzymes and accumulated phenolics followed by T. harzianum and B subttilis. The maximum increase in the activities of peroxidase, β-1, 3- glucanase, PAL and accumulated phenolics were observed 6 days after application of PSM. However, the maximum increase in the activities of chitinase was observed 9 days after application of PSM. Several fold increase in the accumulation of phenolics and activities of defense enzymes was observed when the induced plants were inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORT). These results suggest that enhanced activities of defense enzymes and elevated content of phenolics by inoculation with PSM may contribute to protection of tomato plants against F. oxysporum.

and 2003 to investigate the interactive effect of Zn and different nitrogen sources, i.e., mineral nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) and organic nitrogen (poultry manure) on the growth and productivity of onion (Allium cepa) cv. Giza 20. Four levels of Zn application (0, 1, 2 and 3 ppm) in a sulfate form were foliar sprayed at 30 and 60 days after planting. Within each Zn application, three treatments of nitrogen dose were applied in different combination forms (mineral and organic sources). Nitrogen treatments were 100% mineral N; 75% mineral + 25% organic and 50% mineral + 50% organic. Organic-N source was poultry manure. All poultry manure treatments were applied during soil preparation. Data showed that all growth parameters of onion plants increased as the fraction of poultry manure increased. Zn had also a positive effect on all plant parameters except of plant length, and leaf dry weight. The interactive effect of Zn and poultry manure increased yield and quality of onion bulbs. The most effective treatments on bulb fresh weight, total yield and quality were the spraying with 1 or 2 ppm zinc and the application of N as 75% mineral and 25% organic, in both seasons