Egyptian medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) sector suffers from poor drying conditions of the product in terms of quality and safety standards, lack of professional advisory services, in addition to a high undeveloped value chain. Four designs were established in this study and focused on different methods for chamomile drying, the results of the 8/9/2 (B) design of the solar-assisted stack dryer were a masterpiece and promising for drying chamomile plant. The results of volatile oil extraction showed that an increased yield of volatile oil extraction by 30 % compared with traditional drying methods (control). GC-MS analysis indicated the essential oil chemical composition for the new drying method, were found to be the main active compound Bisabolol oxide A which were 54% in 8/9/2 (B) design of the solar- assisted stack dryer compared with the control which was 38.36% in control. The study method was promising and distinctive because it increases the yield of volatile oil extraction, maintains chemical structure compared with the control.

A crucial menace for the biodiversity in arid and semi-arid territories is the global warming arising from anthropogenic activity. Egypt is expected to undergo an acute rainfall decrease and temperature boost in the next few decades, leading to many plant species' geographical allocation. Endemic plants of pleiotropic economic importance are strongly affected by climate change prospects, which will gradually result in losing our plant wealth genetic resources. Due to few studies on the Egyptian Brassicaceae family which has an economically and medicinally importance due to the presence of many active compounds that are included, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic components (e.g., glucosinolates) besides having a large amount of antioxidant which inhibit the growth of microbes and also treat rheumatic diseases. The identification of this family still kind of fishy as researchers mostly relies on the morphological characters. To globally sustain this Egyptian plant family wealth's genetic pattern, it is substantial to characterize them based on their authenticated genetic background. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of 16 species of the Egyptian Brassicaceae family using two plastid coding genes; Ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (rbcL-a) and maturase K (matK). The maximum likelihood of the two markers for our samples was concordant with the Brassicaceae's references-sequences, which exist on plastid are considered highly conserved biomarkers. In conclusion, we have generated a robust phylogeny tree based on the molecular level that validates the Egyptian plant species and reliably differentiates them on morphological identification. This study is considered the first phase of Egyptian Brassicaceae family species authentication followed by biochemical studies serving the pharmacological and medicinal fields

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of three bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Lysinibacillus spaericus against adult females of Tetranychus urticae Koch using spraying and dipping techniques with concentrations (101, 103, 105, 107 cfu. ml-1). The mortality percentages were calculated and numbers of each stages resulting from the live treated females were recorded. The symptoms that appear on treated female's mites as a result of death under laboratory conditions were recorded and photographed. The results revealed that, P. aeruginosa caused the highest mortality percentage of adult females T. urticae 100% after 72h at concentration 107 cfu. ml-1 by spraying application. Whereas the mortality percentage which recorded by the dipping technique was 54.58±1.71. B. subtilis also, was recorded increased the average mortality percentage of female T. urticae as it reached 73.33±2.67 in spraying technique compared 41.25±2.08 in dipping technique. While in L. spaericus recorded 62.08±3.41 mortality (%) in spraying technique but at dipping technique the mortality was 27.50±1.61. A sharp decrease was shown in number of stages resulting from lived treated females of T. urticae with P. aeruginosa by four concentrations 101, 103, 105 and 107 by using spraying technique and the life cycle was stopped at the larval stage only at concentration 101 and were not changed into the nymphal stage. While with dipping technique a slight increase in the average number of stages resulting from the adult living females treated with the previously aforementioned concentrations of bacteria P. aeruginosa. The present study cleared that application of bacteria strains on T. urticae adult females either by spraying or dipping techniques lead to some deformations such as, swelling of the body, then fluids exit followed by complete dryness of the body and forward protrusion of the podosoma region and finally death of the adult females

establishing adequate utilization of genetic variation in developing livestock breeding programs. Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene technique was used in the present study to identify and differentiate the main three Egyptian local goat breeds (i.e. Baladi, Zaraibi and Barki) via DNA barcoding to confirm its species identity and provide valuable DNA sequence source in the nucleotide online database for further studies. Blast (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) results confirmed samples to be Capra hircus (100%) with no variation among the studied breeds. On the other hand, the Fluorescently Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (F-AFLP) technique was applied to assess genetic variation among and within the three breeds for litter size character. F-AFLP analysis of triplicates per breed produced 164 polymorphic loci. At the same time fixed and private bands varied among the three breeds; 47, 17 and 14 bands and 9, 19 and 27 bands for Baladi, Zaraibi and Barki, respectively. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed 3.8% and 96.1% variance among and within breeds, respectively. Population re-allocation showed that all samples of Baladi breed are outliers, Zaraibi breed one outlier and two hybrids and in Barki breed one hybrid, one outlier and one allocates itself. Private bands in excel filter (using virtual inspection in excel) showed fixed bands of 213bp molecular weight at locus 35 in both Baladi and Zaraibi breeds. These bands considered as genetic marker for litter size trait (i.e. high prolific animals).

The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the determination effect of salt tolerance of five new almond× peach hybrid rootstocks namely hybrid 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 through their vegetative growth parameters and chemical concentrations. This evaluation aimed to recommend these rootstocks for the commercial use. This experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt, during two successive seasons (2018-2019 and 2019- 2020) respectively. Rootstocks chosen for this study included new almond× peach rootstocks which are resistant to nematode. Salinity irrigated water included four levels of NaCl salt which was 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm and the control which was the usual irrigated water. Results cleared that increasing salinity levels led to reduction in all growth parameters including seedling stem diameter, heights, average leaves number and buds per one, leaf area, fresh and dry weights. High salinity levels declined gradually mineral concentrations like N, P, K, Mg%, Fe and Mn ppm. Moreover the highest level of salinity conducted to the highest level of Na and Cl ppm concentrations. Chlorophyll values take the same trend while proline values take the opposite trend with high salinity due to it considered an indicator to high salinity. Moreover, there were differences between rootstocks to salinity tolerance. Hybrid No.5 was the most resistant hybrid to high salinity concentration followed by hybrid No.4 while hybrid No.3 was the least one. Hybrid No.5 reached the highest values of growth parameters and it shared with hybrid No.4 the highest values of N, P and K, Mg concentrations and the highest levels of Fe, Mn, Na and Cl. Chlorophyll values take the same trend with slightly differences with hybrid No.4. On the other hand hybrid No.3 was the least hybrid in all growth measurements, mineral concentration and chlorophyll except proline concentration it recorded the highest value. From the above investigation we can recommend hybrid number5 or hybrid number4 which had the best results compared to other seedlings rootstock under experiment salinity conditions.

Mango is considered one of the most important fruit crops in Egypt due to its widespread cultivation compared to other fruit crops and in addition to its importance as an important fruit crop it comes in third place after both citrus, oranges, grapes in terms of its contribution to the monetary value of the total Egyptian agricultural exports, and can be crystallized the problem of studying in the possibility of answering questions about what is the concept of the optimal economic size of the farm? What are the factors affecting farm sizes? What are the different measures of farm sizes? What is the optimal economic size of mango farms in new and old lands? To what extent is there a moral impact on the productive efficiency of the farm in question? The research aims generally to measure the optimal size of mango farms in new and old lands and estimate the production functions to identify the value of the marginal output of the various factors of production and estimated the total productivity flexibility of the function by about 1.07 this indicates that the increase of these production elements by the estimated function of 10% leads to an increase in the total output of the acre of mango by about 10.7 % which means an increase in the yield of capacity. The marginal output and average output per productive component were derived from the total output function of the study sample as table (1) showed that the (M.P) for both human labor and nitrogen fertilizer was estimated at about 0.018, 0.029 tons for those productive elements on The order as estimated the value of the marginal product of these productive elements about 210.42, 339.01 pounds respectively.

A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate obesity of housewives. The Sample that comprised of 200 females was selected from different regions of great Cairo, Egypt. Age was affected the BMI of various investigated obesity classes with a high correlation. A similar finding was also detected in case of education status where such parameter was also greatly affected the BMI status. The occupation, marital status and family size did not show any significant effect in BMI. The Income parameter didn't show any significant with the BMI. So, it could be concluded that only age and education status are greatly affected the housewives obesity in the investigated sample. Life style, i.e the sports practice. The type of sport, the time spent for sport practice, the place sports practice, household works making by herself, the number of times household works practice/week, the time of sleep in day and the time of last meal before sleeping were statistically significant with the BMI. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and central obesity) are greatly affecting the BMI meaning that there is a significant difference among various investigated obesity classes owing to such anthropometric factors. Regarding to the height parameter, no significant difference was found between overweight as well as obesity class I each other, and similar finding was also found between obesity class 11as well as obesity class III. The second variable (i.e., IBW%) had no significant effect among the three obesity classes (I, II and III), while the overweight group was significantly differed rather than that of others. Considering the Central obesity variable, statistical analyses proved that no significance was detected with overweight or obesity class II. group. Similar trend was also, noticed in case of (hip circumference) in relative to obesity class I and obesity class II.

The quality of agricultural exports is one of the most important foundations on which to develop and improve these exports to global markets. Therefore, studying the effect of applying quality standards on increasing agricultural exports is one of the most important determinants for improving the system of those exports. By studying the relative importance of agricultural crops in the research sample, which is represented by potatoes and onions from vegetable crops, oranges and grapes from fruit crops, it was found that exports of potatoes and onions represent about 25%, 21% of total vegetable exports as an average for the period (2014-2018), while orange exports represent About 53% of fruit exports are about 24% of the average fruit exports for the aforementioned period. By studying the effect of applying quality standards on agricultural crops from the beginning of production for export, it was found that applying these standards leads to a reduction in agricultural losses from the crop by a rate ranging between (20-15) %. Also, the application of quality standards leads to an increase in the costs of production and marketing of the crop, but in return, the increase in costs can be compensated for by the increase in profit through higher prices at home and abroad, in addition to benefiting from the percentage of losses that are saved. With regard to the actual effect of implementing quality, the results concluded that the rate of change before the application of quality and after the application in relation to an increase in the production of the best crop is orange by 50%. The potato crop came with a 500% increase in profits, and about 355% of the return on the pound per ton.

Sugar is an industrial agricultural commodity of strategic importance at the global level. At the local level, the sugar industry from the cultivation of sugar cane is considered an ancient industry that was supplemented by the manufacture of beets and the extraction of sugar from it. The research problem was represented in the existence of a sugar food gap estimated at 875.8 thousand tons of sugar as an annual average for the period (2000-2018). To fill this gap, the state imports sugar from abroad to meet the deficit. It is aimed study the current situation of the sugar industry in Egypt by analyzing the food gap for it and raise the rate of self-sufficiency in sugar. Then, the study was concerned with estimating the variables affecting each of the area and quantity of supplied cane, as well as the supply price, and the efficiency of sugar extraction on the function of the operating efficiency of cane sugar manufacturing factories in the main governorates (Minya, Sohag, Qena, Luxor, and Aswan), during the average period (2016- 2018). Similarly, these variables affecting the aforementioned cane yield can be estimated on the function of the amount of sugar produced/ operating day of the cane sugar factories in the governorates of Egypt during the same period, using the Panel Data analysis. The most important results of the study revealed the following:1-The results show that the variable 𝑙𝑛 𝑥10𝑡 that expresses the average price of supplying a ton of cane during the study period is significant and has a negative sign, as shown in the model estimating the equation of the operational efficiency ratio, as an increase in the average price of supplying a ton of cane by 10% will lead to The operational efficiency decreased at a rate of about 3.11%. 2- It is also evident from the results of the model estimating the equation of the amount of sugar produced for one working day that the variable 𝑙𝑛 𝑥6𝑡 that expresses the degree of sweetness of sugar produced from sugar manufacturing factories during the same period, it is significant and its sign is positive, as an increase in the degree of sugar sweetness by 1% will lead to an increase in quantities Sugar produced from manufacturing per day at a rate of about 19.6%.  3- It is clear from the measures of economic efficiency for the production of cane sugar, the relative superiority of farmers of the Arab Republic of Egypt during the period (2013-2018), which is attributed to the response of the farmers’ lands to the production elements used in them, due to the high degree of fertility of their lands, and the increase in the accumulated experiences of the farmers.

This study aims to use one thermochemical storage materials system as a heat source for poultry egg incubation. Three types of activated thermochemical storage materials (TCMs) were used as an energy storage medium. These materials are Silica gel self-indicating (blue/pink), commercial white Silica gel, and Natural Zeolite. An open thermochemical system was applied inside a poultry egg incubator. The TCMs were humidified by the vapor produced from the evaporation of the water by an ultra-sonic humidifier at atmospheric pressure. The thermal recovery process aims to release the stored energy in TCMs. Two types of poultry egg incubator used during this study. The first one was the traditional poultry incubator (electricity incubator). The traditional egg incubator dimensions were 57×66×59 cm with capacity of 125 hen egg- 76 hatching. The second one was the prototype of a thermochemical poultry egg incubator. The thermochemical poultry egg incubator contained sensors to control and measure the temperature and humidity inside the incubator. The designed incubator egg dimensions were 56x39x28.5 cm, with a capacity of 25 eggs. The total heat losses by the wall and ventilation were 9.8 and 1.5W, respectively. The heat production by 25 eggs due to metabolic activities was 3.65 W. The total energy needed for the incubation process was 36.09W. The container of storage material with dimensions of 35x35x5 cm with 3.5 kg capacity allocated inside the incubator. The container's surface is covered with aluminum sheet with 0.5 mm thickness supplied with fins. The egg tray is placed on the aluminum sheet, and the eggs were placed horizontally in the tray. The energy consumption for traditional and thermochemical incubators for 21 days was 19.25 kWh and 11.2 kWh, respectively. The energy saving by thermochemical prototype incubator was 41.8%. The percentage of hatchability for traditional and prototype incubator was 80.9% and 71.4%, respectively.