Kitchener drain isconsideredone of the largest drains in the Nile delta. The current study aimed to assess water quality and level of some chemical and biological pollutants in both the water and sediments of Kitchener drain. The studied water quality parameters included nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), in addition, water and sediment samples were exposed to bacteriological analysis which included, total coliform (TC) bacteria, faecal coliform (FC) bacteria and Salmonella&Shigella (SS). The results showed that nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-) concentrations in most sampling sides were within the permitted Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) limits for irrigation water. In addition, all the values of total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids concentrations (TDS) in El-Gharbia governorate were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) permitted limits. Bacteriological results revealed that most sampling sites were contaminated with both TC and FC bacteria where, the counts of them in the water samples exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100 ml which is higher than the WHO limits. In addition, the counts of studied organisms in all examined sediment samples were higher compared to water samples. Based on these results the water in Kitchener drain is considered unsuitablefor domestic and agricultural purposes.

The aim of this study was to optimize the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), using the response surface methodology (RSM), to use the produced PUFAs in kareish cheese processing. PlackettBurman design (PBD) was employed to screen media components that affect PUFAs development (glucose, olive cake, yeast extract, tryptone, MgSO4, KH2PO4, NH4Cl, agitation speed, incubation time, and pH), and results showed that olive cake and yeast extract, with confidence level > 98%, had a positive effect on PUFAs production. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology was used to optimize the selected parameters levels where maximum PUFAs production (1790 mg/l) was observed near the mid-point (0) values (concentrations) of olive cake (15 g/l), tryptone (7.5 g/L) and KH2PO4 (1.25 g/l). Polyunsaturated fatty acids account for 47.83 % of the total fatty acid profile, according to gas chromatography analysis of the collected PUFAs. The produced PUFAs was encapsulated using whey protein concentrate and maltodextrin, freeze dried, grinded and incorporated in Kareish cheese manufacture. The average particle size of a 0.005% suspension of oil microcapsules was 671.4 nm with a poly dispersity index of 0.611 indicating a moderate stability of the emulsion. The negative zeta potential of the microcapsules particles was -37.6 mv, which is identical to the -42 mv value recorded in the literature for oil emulsions stabilized by whey protein, maltodextrin, and K-carrageenan. The addition of 0.5 % PUFAs-containing microcapsules to Kareish cheese increased antioxidative activity to 38.13 % compared to 30.14 % for the control, as well as Texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters including hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The elasticity of the Kareish cheese sample increased slightly by the addition of 0.5% microcapsules, but higher concentration tended to change the elasticity to a brittleness of the cheese structure.

يAgricultural production is characterized by seasonality that leads to an imbalance in agri-cultural labor market. However, this is pre-sumably due to the imbalance between the sea-sonal agricultural labor demand and supply, thus, resulting seasonal unemployment. This paper aims to investigate and analyze the struc-ture of Egyptian agricultural labor market throughout the period 2000-2020 via employ-ing econometric tools. The results show that, the agricultural disguised employment does not consider permeant agricultural labor its source, but rather it is due to seasonal agricul-tural employment, due to its negative marginal productivity, in which is the main cause for disguised unemployment appearance.

The study was conducted on a knapsacksprayer powered by a DC motor through a 12 V lead acid battery charged from a solar panel (photovoltaic) directed to sun rays. The system was installed and tested in the western desert on a small-scale farm at Frafra Oasis (New val-ley). This study aimed to evaluate and develop a knapsack sprayer powered by a solar energy for overcoming operator fatigue and shortage of traditional energy in Egypt’s western desert. The experiments were conducted during the period which starts in August 2019 till Febru-ary 2020. The main parts of the system consist of photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells, charger controller, rechargeable battery, and DC motor speed control with dimmer and pump which was attached with a tank 20 liters capacity for sucking and pressurizing the liquid to the boom of the sprayer through a flexible hose. The main results of experiments were as fol-lows: The time for recharging the battery com-pletely was found 330 minutes (5.5 hours) to charge completely from 10.55 V – 13.85 V, with current intensity 1.67 Ampere. The bat-tery discharge time was varied due to drop the battery voltage from 13.85 – 10.55 Volts. De-pending on the motor speed, which is the time for discharging the battery was found 4 – 9 hours, when motor pulled 0.85 - 1.85 Amps at 2000 - 3400 rpm and this time at deferent speed is enough to spray area 3 - 6.82 fed/day "day work = 6 hours" with application rate 67 - 104.7 l/fed. The number of droplets and the area coverage percentage ranges from 30 – 146.33 drops and 13.96 – 27.97% for one cm2 of simulator targets at a speed ranging from 2000 – 3400 rpm, respectively.

The present study was carried out during 2019 and 2020 seasons on Alphonse mango trees to evaluate the effect of some growth reg-ulators and systemic copper complexes on flo-ral malformation, yield and quality. Vegetative growth characters were superior with 200 NAA ppm and 100 ppm cofret. However, total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates and C/N ratio recorded the highest values with 200 ppm NAA. Macro elements N, P, K and Mg % were higher with GA3 at 100 ppm, whereas the highest values of micro elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu (ppm) were obtained with perfecto-one at 100 ppm. The number of total panicles/tree was increased with NAA 200 ppm and per-fecto-one 100 ppm treatments than other treat-ments. The number and percent of malformed panicles/tree were significantly decreased with the applied treatments than in control.. An in-creasing in total indoles, total phenols and pol-yphenol oxidase activity were recorded with 200 ppm NAA and 100 ppm perfecto-one treatments than in others. Final fruit set% and the number of fruits /tree were increased with the treatments of 200 ppm NAA and 100 ppm perfecto-one. However, the highest values of fruit weight were recorded by GA3 and perfecto-one both at100 ppm treatments, whereas the highest yield/tree values were rec-orded by NAA 200 ppm and 100 ppm perfecto-one. Finally, fruit quality involved TSS, acid-ity, L-ascorbic acid, total sugars and total ca-rotenoids were greatly improved with the ap-plied treatments than in control.

Growing wastewater microalgae contrib-utes to the elimination of nutrients present in wastewater because they need N and P for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acid, and phos-pholipids. The most sustainable approach for achieving high biomass and high lipid build-up, along with environmental protection. In the current research, nine microalgae were culti-vated on two variations of wastewater (agricul-tural and industrial dyes) and compared to the synthetic medium. The results indicated that after three weeks of the incubation period, the ability of microalgae to grow in sterilized (syn-thetic medium and wastewater) and gave greater biomass and chlorophyll (a) than in non-sterilized ones. Out of the tested nine mi-croalgae, four microalgae (Anabaena oryzae, Spirulina platensis, Anabaena sp (2) and Nos-toc sp) were selected which gave the highest significant values of dry weight, biomass productivity and chlorophyll (a) content. The selected microalgae showed the highest signif-icant values of the chemical composition, i.e., total carbohydrate, protein and lipid when cul-tivated in agricultural wastewater more than those cultivated in both industrial dye’s wastewater and synthetic broth medium. Among four microalgae, two microalgae of A. oryzae HSSASE6 (KT277789), and S. platen-sis NIES-39 (A00800) were chosen where the chemical composition contents ranged from 1.17 to 1.21-fold and 1.03 to 1.06-fold of car-bohydrate, 1.06 to 1.09-fold and 1.88 to 1.93-fold of protein and 1.41 to 1.52-fold and 1.76 to 1.90-fold of lipid more than those of other microalgae, respectively. The agriculture wastewater was inoculated with a single cul-ture of A. oryzae HSSASE6 (KT277789) or S. platensis NIES-39 (A00800) individually with 10 % of inoculum size, which more preferred than was inoculated with consortia culture. Re-sults also showed that A. oryzae HSSASE6 (KT277789) was more efficient strain for giv-ing biomass and productivity in agricultural wastewater than S. platensis NIES-39 (A00800) (about 28% more).

Our study was carried out at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt. The average temperatures were 18.4°C and 23.9 °C from December 2017 - February 2018 to study the effects of Saccharomycescerevisiaeboulardii supplementation (as feed additives) on productive performance of growing rabbits. Sixty growing rabbits of the NZW (New Zealand White Rabbits), (4 weeks old) and weighted (603.62 gm mean body weight) were randomly distributed into 4 treated groups, n=15 rabbits per each group. Rabbits of supplemented groups were given 100 (R1), 200 (R2) and 400 (R3) gm/ton feed of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeboulardii mixed in the diet for 6 successive weeks. Individual live body weight was noted weekly from start till the end of the experiment. At the end of the experimental period, 10 rabbits (from each group) were fasting for 12 hrs, then slaughtered for carcass traits measure. Experimental lighting system was 16-hours photoperiod /day (16L: 8D) through both daily natural and the artificial fluorescent lighting. A pelleted ration of 17.3% crude protein, 13.37% crude fiber and 2510 kcal of digestible energy per kg feed was offered ad libitum all the time. Results revealed significant (P≤0.05) increases in the final body weight and daily weight gain with saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation when compared with control group. Though, significantly (P≤0.05) improved feed conversion ratio in all treated groups compared with control one were noticed. Feed intake was the lower in treated groups than control group. There were significant (P≤0.05) increasing in hot carcass weight and carcass percentage with respect to the control group. Supplemented Saccharomycescerevisiae reduced (P≤0.05) the liver, heart, lungs and kidneys percentages compared the control group. Supplemented rabbit feeds with saccharomycescerevisiaeboulardii in their diets had highly increasing in relative economic efficiency and clear improvement of net revenue than control group.

Five probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus plantarumATCC 14917,Lactobacillus caseiDSM 20011, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC20552, Lactococcus thermophilus DSM 20259,and Bifidobacterium longum B41409) were used as monoculture, and combined with them as co-cultures for the fermentation of soymilk. The total number is 20 co-cultures, separated similarly into two parts, the first half of each co-culture consisted of two strains, and the second half of each co-culture consists of three strains. The findings revealed that these cultures were capable of fermenting soymilk at only 8 h with a pH drop of between 4.42 and 4.89. Among 25 cultures, eight cultures (3 monoculture of L. plantarumATCC 14917 (C1),Lc. thermophilusDSM 20259 (C4), and B. longum B41409 (C5) and co-cultures of two strains L. plantarum ATCC 14917+ Lc. thermophiles DSM 20259 (C8) and of three strains L. plantarum ATCC 14917 + Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 + B. longum B41409 (C18), L. plantarum ATCC 14917+ L. caseiDSM 20011+ Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 (C19), L. caseiDSM 20011+ L. acidophilus ATCC20552+ Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 (C22), and L. acidophilus ATCC20552+ Lc. thermophilus DSM 20259 + B. longum B41409 (C25)) which recorded the greatest significant viability of bacterial cells, titratable acidity, total organic acids (lactic, acetic, and propionic acids) contented, and pH in fermented soymilk ranged from 9.26 to 9.98 Log CFU/mL, 3.06 to 3.32 %, 19.90 to 18.40 g/L (lactic acid), 13.30 to 12.30 g/L (acetic acid), and 16.35 to15.00 g/L (propionic acid), and 4.38 to 4.62. The soy yogurt produced from the selected fermentation of soymilk was more preferred in the chemical composition of protein, carbohydrate, and fat contents than non-fermented soymilk.So the results show that the integrative use of probiotics may achieve the nutritional value of soymilk after fermentation had been improved by probiotic strains, therefore, making it a more health-beneficial functional food.

The presented study aimed to evaluate the different control methods of the rusty flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The experi-ments were conducted to evaluate the effi-ciency of a chemical pesticide (Mala-thion), biopesticide (Tracer 24% SC), plant oil (Lemongrass oil), plant extraction (Ac-etone extracts from Rosemary), powder (Diatomaceous earth) and modified At-mosphere (argon gas). Mortality percent-age increased with increase of exposure times at all tested concentrations. The tox-icity effect of different treatments against adults of T. castaneum at the LC50 after 7 days post-treatment at 30±1°C could be ar-ranged in descending order as follows: Malathion, Tracer 24% and lemongrass oil, while, acetone extracts from Rosemary and diatomaceous earth (DE) were the least effective. The LT50 values against the adult stage of T. castaneum were 19.99, 2.33 and 4.86 hr. for Argon 100, 80 and 60%, respectively. In order to avoid the disadvantages of using chemical insecti-cides such as malathion, it is recommended to use other more safe control methods for the environment as Tracer 24% or lemongrass oil or Argon gas.

There is little evidence that the nitrogen nu-trition supply at rates above or less than what is considered optimal in non-saline conditions improves growth and yield of halophyte crop cultivated under salt stress. Therefore, hypoth-esize of the present work was to find out the magnitude to which N could restore the harm-ful effects of salt stress on quinoa plants. A pot experiment was performed in greenhouse con-ditions to evaluate quinoa's response grown under water salinity treatments (0.0 & 200 mM NaCl) when nitrogen nutrition rates were limiting (50ppm), adequate (250 ppm), and ex-cess (450 ppm) to guide proper application rate of nitrogen fertilizer under salinity stress. The results indicated that, salinity caused a signifi-cant decrease in the vegetative growth of the plant. Consequently, all vegetative measure-ments were negatively affected. As a result, the seed yield decreased to more than 50%. The application of a moderate level of nitrogen (250 ppm) caused a significant ameliorative effect on seed yield by 126% under non saline conditions and 34.5 % under saline conditions compared to the low nitrogen level. The results did not improve any further with the applica-tion of a higher level of nitrogen. These results indicate that applying (N) in adequate may im-prove most traits and prove to be a physiolog-ical treatment to increase resistance against the negative effects of salt stress in quinoa.