Egyptian medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) sector suffers from poor drying conditions of the product in terms of quality and safety standards, lack of professional advisory services, in addition to a high undeveloped value chain. Four designs were established in this study and focused on different methods for chamomile drying, the results of the 8/9/2 (B) design of the solar-assisted stack dryer were a masterpiece and promising for drying chamomile plant. The results of volatile oil extraction showed that an increased yield of volatile oil extraction by 30 % compared with traditional drying methods (control). GC-MS analysis indicated the essential oil chemical composition for the new drying method, were found to be the main active compound Bisabolol oxide A which were 54% in 8/9/2 (B) design of the solar- assisted stack dryer compared with the control which was 38.36% in control. The study method was promising and distinctive because it increases the yield of volatile oil extraction, maintains chemical structure compared with the control.

A crucial menace for the biodiversity in arid and semi-arid territories is the global warming arising from anthropogenic activity. Egypt is expected to undergo an acute rainfall decrease and temperature boost in the next few decades, leading to many plant species' geographical allocation. Endemic plants of pleiotropic economic importance are strongly affected by climate change prospects, which will gradually result in losing our plant wealth genetic resources. Due to few studies on the Egyptian Brassicaceae family which has an economically and medicinally importance due to the presence of many active compounds that are included, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic components (e.g., glucosinolates) besides having a large amount of antioxidant which inhibit the growth of microbes and also treat rheumatic diseases. The identification of this family still kind of fishy as researchers mostly relies on the morphological characters. To globally sustain this Egyptian plant family wealth's genetic pattern, it is substantial to characterize them based on their authenticated genetic background. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of 16 species of the Egyptian Brassicaceae family using two plastid coding genes; Ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (rbcL-a) and maturase K (matK). The maximum likelihood of the two markers for our samples was concordant with the Brassicaceae's references-sequences, which exist on plastid are considered highly conserved biomarkers. In conclusion, we have generated a robust phylogeny tree based on the molecular level that validates the Egyptian plant species and reliably differentiates them on morphological identification. This study is considered the first phase of Egyptian Brassicaceae family species authentication followed by biochemical studies serving the pharmacological and medicinal fields

The research aimed to Identify the practices of rural women in preserving and storing food in a village in Beheira Governorate, Identify the level of application of the respondents to good practices in preserving and storing food, Identify the most important sources from which the respondents obtain their nutritional information on food preservation and storage, and Identify the most important factors affecting the application of Respondents practice related to food preservation and storage. The research was based on the social survey method in the sample by selecting a random sample of (164) respondents at a rate of 7% of the total (2333) Families in Al-Naqidi village in Kom Hamada district in Beheira Governorate, data were collected through a personal interview using a questionnaire form during May and June 2020, frequencies, percentages, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient and Step-Wise multiple regression analysis method were used to analyze the research data. The results indicated that about (48.8%) of the total respondents had a high level of negative practices, (43.9%) of the total respondents, their level of application is medium, while about (7.3%) of the total respondents their application of these negative practices is low the majority of respondents depend on traditional sources (television, mother and relatives and neighbors) to obtain their nutritional information for food preservation and storage. The results indicated that the most important variables responsible for the application of the research for preserving and storing food, which affected by (38.7%), are: the age of the respondent, membership of social organizations, exposure to cooking programs through various media, and contact with the agricultural guide.

The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the determination effect of salt tolerance of five new almond× peach hybrid rootstocks namely hybrid 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 through their vegetative growth parameters and chemical concentrations. This evaluation aimed to recommend these rootstocks for the commercial use. This experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt, during two successive seasons (2018-2019 and 2019- 2020) respectively. Rootstocks chosen for this study included new almond× peach rootstocks which are resistant to nematode. Salinity irrigated water included four levels of NaCl salt which was 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm and the control which was the usual irrigated water. Results cleared that increasing salinity levels led to reduction in all growth parameters including seedling stem diameter, heights, average leaves number and buds per one, leaf area, fresh and dry weights. High salinity levels declined gradually mineral concentrations like N, P, K, Mg%, Fe and Mn ppm. Moreover the highest level of salinity conducted to the highest level of Na and Cl ppm concentrations. Chlorophyll values take the same trend while proline values take the opposite trend with high salinity due to it considered an indicator to high salinity. Moreover, there were differences between rootstocks to salinity tolerance. Hybrid No.5 was the most resistant hybrid to high salinity concentration followed by hybrid No.4 while hybrid No.3 was the least one. Hybrid No.5 reached the highest values of growth parameters and it shared with hybrid No.4 the highest values of N, P and K, Mg concentrations and the highest levels of Fe, Mn, Na and Cl. Chlorophyll values take the same trend with slightly differences with hybrid No.4. On the other hand hybrid No.3 was the least hybrid in all growth measurements, mineral concentration and chlorophyll except proline concentration it recorded the highest value. From the above investigation we can recommend hybrid number5 or hybrid number4 which had the best results compared to other seedlings rootstock under experiment salinity conditions.

Mango is considered one of the most important fruit crops in Egypt due to its widespread cultivation compared to other fruit crops and in addition to its importance as an important fruit crop it comes in third place after both citrus, oranges, grapes in terms of its contribution to the monetary value of the total Egyptian agricultural exports, and can be crystallized the problem of studying in the possibility of answering questions about what is the concept of the optimal economic size of the farm? What are the factors affecting farm sizes? What are the different measures of farm sizes? What is the optimal economic size of mango farms in new and old lands? To what extent is there a moral impact on the productive efficiency of the farm in question? The research aims generally to measure the optimal size of mango farms in new and old lands and estimate the production functions to identify the value of the marginal output of the various factors of production and estimated the total productivity flexibility of the function by about 1.07 this indicates that the increase of these production elements by the estimated function of 10% leads to an increase in the total output of the acre of mango by about 10.7 % which means an increase in the yield of capacity. The marginal output and average output per productive component were derived from the total output function of the study sample as table (1) showed that the (M.P) for both human labor and nitrogen fertilizer was estimated at about 0.018, 0.029 tons for those productive elements on The order as estimated the value of the marginal product of these productive elements about 210.42, 339.01 pounds respectively.

Various fungal genotypes (Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 (AN1), Aspergillus niger NRRL 326 (AN26), Aspergillus terrus F2-Kh (AT) and Mucor racemosus NRRL 3639 (MI)) were studied for their ability to produce phytase and improve the produced enzyme by ethyl-methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. AN1 showed the highest phytase activity on phytase screening medium supplemented with glucose (PSMG) after 8 days of incubation (reached 1875.40 IU/mL). The phytase activity of AN1 increased with increasing incubation time and the highest value was achieved at 12 days of incubation (2859.33 IU/mL). The exposure of AN1 spore suspension to 200 mM of EMS for different times enhanced the phytase activity and that mutant 20 Mn exhibited the highest phytase activity (reached 4520.5 IU/mL) therefore it was chosen for the next experiment. An in-vitro gas production procedure was carried out to evaluate the impact of using various amounts of laboratory produced phytase (PE) compared with commercial phytase (Axtra® PHY) on nutrients availability of ruminant's ration. Six levels (0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 IU phytase-1Kg dry matter) of phytase enzyme were evaluated with tested ration consisted of 40% berseem hay (BH) and 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM). In-vitro dry and organic matter degradability (IVDMD and IVOMD), total gas production (GP), short chain fatty acids (SCFA’s) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration were improved significantly (P<0.05) by phytase addition from the two sources of phytase and the highest significant (P<0.05) values achieved at the level of 1200 IU. Results suggest that phytase activity was influenced by exposure to EMS mutagen compared to the wild type. Also, the produced enzyme source has the ability to improve the utilization efficiency of phytate diets as evidenced by the significant (P<0.05) increase in all tested parameters compared to the commercial source.

Six bread wheat genotypes and their 15 F1 crosses were evaluated under two nitrogen fertilization levels (40 and 80 kg N/fed) to estimate combining ability for days to heading, plant height, spike length, number of spikes/plant, kernels number/spike, weight of 100-kernels and grain yield/plant during 2018/19 season. Results revealed that significant nitrogen levels (N) mean squares were detected for all studied characters. Mean squares due to genotypes (G), parents and crosses for the studied characters were significant at both nitrogen levels and their combined analyses. Also, G x N interaction was highly significant for the studied characters. The general and specific combining ability variances were found to be significant for all studied characters at both-N-levels and their combined analyses. GCA/SCA ratios were less than unity for all studied characters at both N-levels and their combined data. The behavior of gene action varied from nitrogen level to another where the interactions of GCA and SCA with nitrogen levels were significant for most studied characters. Sakha 93 was identified as the most useful source for increasing favorable alleles for grain yield/plant, kernels number/spike and weight of 100-kernels under N-stress conditions, while Giza 168 was the best combiner for earliness at the two N levels. Cross combinations; Sakha 93 x Sids 12 and Sakha 93 x Misr 1 gave the best SCA effects for grain yield/plant under N-stress conditions. Significant positive correlations were detected between means of parents and F1 crosses with their GCA and SCA effects for most studied characters under the two nitrogen levels, respectively

Sugar is an industrial agricultural commodity of strategic importance at the global level. At the local level, the sugar industry from the cultivation of sugar cane is considered an ancient industry that was supplemented by the manufacture of beets and the extraction of sugar from it. The research problem was represented in the existence of a sugar food gap estimated at 875.8 thousand tons of sugar as an annual average for the period (2000-2018). To fill this gap, the state imports sugar from abroad to meet the deficit. It is aimed study the current situation of the sugar industry in Egypt by analyzing the food gap for it and raise the rate of self-sufficiency in sugar. Then, the study was concerned with estimating the variables affecting each of the area and quantity of supplied cane, as well as the supply price, and the efficiency of sugar extraction on the function of the operating efficiency of cane sugar manufacturing factories in the main governorates (Minya, Sohag, Qena, Luxor, and Aswan), during the average period (2016- 2018). Similarly, these variables affecting the aforementioned cane yield can be estimated on the function of the amount of sugar produced/ operating day of the cane sugar factories in the governorates of Egypt during the same period, using the Panel Data analysis. The most important results of the study revealed the following:1-The results show that the variable 𝑙𝑛 𝑥10𝑡 that expresses the average price of supplying a ton of cane during the study period is significant and has a negative sign, as shown in the model estimating the equation of the operational efficiency ratio, as an increase in the average price of supplying a ton of cane by 10% will lead to The operational efficiency decreased at a rate of about 3.11%. 2- It is also evident from the results of the model estimating the equation of the amount of sugar produced for one working day that the variable 𝑙𝑛 𝑥6𝑡 that expresses the degree of sweetness of sugar produced from sugar manufacturing factories during the same period, it is significant and its sign is positive, as an increase in the degree of sugar sweetness by 1% will lead to an increase in quantities Sugar produced from manufacturing per day at a rate of about 19.6%.  3- It is clear from the measures of economic efficiency for the production of cane sugar, the relative superiority of farmers of the Arab Republic of Egypt during the period (2013-2018), which is attributed to the response of the farmers’ lands to the production elements used in them, due to the high degree of fertility of their lands, and the increase in the accumulated experiences of the farmers.

The present study was undertaken to test the effect of heat stress (39 °C) for 4 hours on Hsp70 mRNA profiling in two chicken genotypes. Expression levels of hsp70 were used to assess the heat tolerance of two Egyptian local genotypes (Fayoumi and Matrouh). The expression level of the hsp70 gene is high in the Fayoumi type as opposed to the Matrouh type. In blood, after four hours of exposure, the hsp70 mRNA expression analysis revealed higher expression levels. These results showed that the acquired thermotolerance is positively linked to the stress memory. Within the two genotypes, Fayoumi type exhibited the highest means for hsp70 production, and therefore the heat stress is better tolerated, which indicates that Fayoumi mortality rate might be lower genetically under heat stress

The study aimed to determine the level of knowledge of the surveyed farmers on the neg-ative effects of the use of chemical pesticides, and their sources of information in this field, and determine the significance of the relation-ship between the level of knowledge of the farmers with the negative effects of the use of pesticides and some independent studied vari-ables, and finally identify the problems that limit the safe use of chemical pesticides ,the data of this study were collected during July and August 2020 by means of a personal inter-view questionnaire for a regular random sam-ple of farmers in the villages of Qalyubia Gov-ernorate. It was determined using the Kreijce and Morgan equation, and its strength reached 377 farmers, The selected data were analyzed and presented using quantitative method, the arithmetic mean, Chi-square test, The most important results were the following :the level of the respondents' knowledge of the negative ef-fects of using chemical pesticides was high, with the percentage of their average knowledge scores reaching 82.9, It was found that the most important sources of information: pesticide merchants, personal experience, rel-atives, It was found that there is a significant relationship at the level of 0.01 between the level of the respondents' knowledge of the neg-ative effects of chemical pesticides and each of the following independent variables the re-spondent’s age, gender, educational status, profession, number of years of experience in farm work, social participation, Frequency of agricultural service centers, and the number of years of experience in using pesticides. It was also found that the most important problems in the research area are: the shortage of extension agents, the scarcity of extension activities, re-spectively, Based on the results of the study, six proposals were formulated in the form of recommendations to be submitted to decision-makers.