The research was qualitative analysis of media campaign for the super judicial Committee for Elections and the special election Parliament 2011 drew the attention of the researcher, and to identify the extent of public evaluation of the technical elements of the campaign media (sound effects - time - repetition - content - Graphic Design), and to identify the rate reminds respondents of messages each the ring alone episodes of the media campaign, and to identify the sources of information respondents own messages, which came rings media campaign, and to identify the most important factors associated with and influencing the rate remember the respondents to the messages the field on No. (2) title (the new electoral system), and to identify the most episodes watch for of the respondents, and more episodes benefit from the point of view of respondents, and to identify the degree of preference of the respondents to see the other campaigns competition was broadcast at the same timing of the campaign and compare them to see the degree of preference for the campaign.. Was chosen Qaliubiya because they fall within the provinces of electoral phase third in the division of electoral constituencies and thus been exposed respondents to the episodes longer periods compared to the audience the first phase and second any been watching the respondents to the campaign media a period of about three months was chosen (75), a woman from the tables special election province and that of three villages within the three centers Qalubia a (village Sndhur center Banha), and (village Ojhor major center Tookh), and (village notching Shebin Qanater) and so random sample, was limited to women without men of the weakness of the political participation of women in the Egypt before the revolution of January 25, the questionnaire was used personal interviews to collect research data during the months of June and July 2012 and using antipersonnel frequencies, percentages and Chi-square test x2 to analyze research data. The results showed qualitative analysis that rings the campaign theme of the study were presented equally and used loppying emotional and logical questions loppying and cartoons, and taken them that they did not support the means of communication other, nor is used as colors impressively, in addition to a lot of messages in a specified time, and in the evaluate the campaign has indicated a sample of know-how to appropriate all of the sound effects (73.3%) of the respondents, and the time (92%) of the respondents, and the rate of repetition (100%), and content (100%) of the respondents, whereas the total score of staying lost the medium from the viewpoint of respondents the results also indicated that the most important factors affecting the rate of recall of respondents to the messages of true second episode (education, age, number of viewing hours, the profession, the number of times watch the episode, the way the media favorite, the quality of favorite programs, media campaigns, competition, quality TV favorite, repetition, time, design, sound effects, which explains some (86.6%) of the variation in the rate of recall of respondents to messages Episode (2) entitled the new electoral system, while the remaining percentage of (13.4%) can be attributed to other variables, and found View more episodes and more episodes also benefit from the attention of the respondents is episode number (2). Study also concluded that the most important factors affecting the degree of preference of the respondents Show media campaigns and other competition is the presence of people and representatives , colors, suitable time with content.

The recent study aims to: identify a vision of agricultural extension work to reduce the degradation of agricultural soils, and determine the relationship between the independent variables studied, and the degree of vision of agricultural extension work to reduce the degradation of agricultural soils and identifying the farmer's suggestion to reduce Soil degradation. The study was conducted in Siwa Oasis in Matrouh Governorate. Data were collected through the personal interview with a systematic random sample of 148 farmers in Siwa Oasis using a questionnaire. Frequencies, per- centages and simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) were utilized to present and analyze data. The most important findings were: 29.4% of the respondents had a low level knowledge of reducing Soil degradation technical recommendation. The fending also indicated significant correlation at 0.01 level between the degree of agricultural extension work vision to reduce Soil degradation and the following variables: the respondent's education level, the degree of tribal leadership and the degree of tribal affiliation. There were significant correlations at 0.05% level between the same dependent variable and: area agricultural holdings and period of experience work in agricultural. There were non significant correlation between dependent variable and: age and size of the possession of agricultural animals.

Sugar beet is an important crop that helps in establishing integrated agricultural-industrial societies, especially in the new reclaimed areas, it contributes in many industries such as sugar industry, and highly-value animal feed resulting from processing waste. Sahl El Tina had been chosen as it is one of the most important of the recent reclamation and aquaculture region depending on water of Al Salam Canal. To achieve the target of increasing Production of sugar beet it became necessary to increase the efficient use of economic resources ,and to achieve this objective study Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach had been used in order to estimate the technical and economic efficiencies allowing to reduce production costs and increase revenue, and thus support the expansion in the cultivation of the crop. The sample have 3 categories according to the area of the farm, the first category consists of 3 feddans or less, second category is more than 3 feddans and less than 7 feddans, the third category is more than 7 feddans to 10 feddans. The goal of the sample was to compare the efficiency of these categories, and recommended the optimum size of the farm.

Sharkia Governorate characterized by environmental and agricultural characters suitable for the production of sugar beet crop that making it one of the most important production areas in Egypt. Despite the importance of sugar beet crop as an economic crop for production of sugar, it has not taken enough attention to address the technology gap prevailing between researchers and producers in the employment of agricultural productivity resources to achieve the economic efficiency and that reduces faddan productivity and its return. This requires evaluating package of current agricultural practices affecting the productivity of the crop. So, the study used some economic criteria and statistical methods that achieve the objectives of the study and enhance the results such as correlation and regression procedures, change partitioning method and crop budget. The study was based on a field random sample of thirty farms in the province of Awlad Saker .. The study showed that the most important quantitative variables affecting the average production per faddan of sugar beet are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer amount, seed amount, the amount of irrigation water where the combination of these factors contribute about 84% of the total quantitative factors affecting crop production. Also, the most important qualitative productive variables affecting the average productivity of the crop are number of hoeing times, the distance between hills and planning rate where these factors contribute about 64% of the total qualitative factors affecting the productivity of that crop. Then the most important quantitative and qualitative factors affecting average production per faddan of sugar beet are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer amount, amount of irrigation water, the distance between hills, number of thinning times, where these factors contribute by 83% of the total factors affecting the sugar beet crop production. The study shows lack of commitment by producers of sugar beet recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture with respect to quantitative and qualitative technology practices where the amount of the technological gap between the recommendations of researchers and practices of farmers for the row width about 4.32 tons/ faddan,  number of times of thining 6.8 tons/ faddan,  number of times of hoeing 6.63 tons/ faddan, number of times irrigation 3.26 tons/ faddan, the distance between hills 5.5 tons/ faddan, planning rate of 1.5 tons/ faddan for farmer experience, 2.5 tons/ faddan, number of times of replanting 0.57 tons/ faddan. The total monetary value of these gaps is around 1501.65 pounds, 2414 pounds2353.65 pounds, 1157.3 pounds, 1952.5 pounds, 532.5 pounds, 887.5 pounds, 202.35 pounds, respectively. Therefore, the study recommends using the technological recommendations package of agricultural practices according to the research recommendations, with a focus on the most important factors affecting the productivity of the sugar beet crop, to reduce the gap between research recommendations and farmers' practices.

Resulted in the opening of the Egyptian society to the outside world, and the work of many Egyptians in  the Petroleum States to increase the level of their income on the one hand and increasing population growth rates of  Egypt on the other hand which is reflected to increase the amounts and rates of food commodities consumption in general, and Edible Oil and fats, in particular, where The per capita consumption of Edible Oil about 15 kg/year, which gives an indication of the increased size of the food gap of Edible Oil where the problem was in that Edible Oil become one of the most important sources of the increase in the cost of Egyptian agricultural imports as a result of the application of the GATT as the cost of the Edible Oil imports by about 47 % of the increase in the total value of Egyptian agricultural imports posing a heavy burden on the balance of payments, and then the research aimed to analyze the impact of different variables to determine the most important determinants of consumption of Edible Oil and fats.           To be included in the Egyptian agricultural policy to help the decision-maker to take the necessary corrective actions about it. Where the study found several factors affecting the consumption of Edible Oil and fats can be limited to the most important are as follows: The per capita consumption of Edible Oil (of Human unit).  The per capita expenditure on Edible Oil, the effect of the price / income  ratio of group of Edible Oil and fats, the frequency of frying in the same oil, the function of the head of household, the average price of a kilogram of vegetable ghee, the volume of containers of Edible Oil, Types of pot keeping the oil after use, the use of oil in a frying more than one type of food, rising per capita income (Human Unit), increase the rate of  per capita consumption (of Human unit), the proliferation of fast food shops, as well as shops , beans and falafel, increasing individual consumption of fast food, especially after the revolution due length of waiting of individuals in the Egyptian street . The study pointed out many of the expectations and proposals could limit the most important are as follows: Increasing the area of ​​land cultivated oily crops, need to focus on projects in Toshka and the Qattara Depression and the cultivation of parts of the northern coast, the return to agricultural rotation system of enter including the Oileeds, restart Edible Oil factories with full capacity both in the stages of refining of raw Oil imported or Edible Oil extraction from locally grown Oileeds, rationalizing the use of Edible Oil in domestic consumption.

Ninety nine yeast isolates were isolated from surface of mango fruits and were tested in vivo in preliminary study for biocontrol potential of Lasiodiplodia rot of mango fruits. According to primary screening, nine isolates were selected to continue the secondary screening using different concentrations of the washed yeast cells in water suspension to study their biocontrol efficacy at 16±1°C. It was found that using washed cells of yeast isolate Mg 147 (Candida multisgemmis) at 1x109, 5x108 and 2x108 CFU/ml produced complete protection for 14 days to wounds of mango fruit inoculated with spore suspension of the fungusLasiodiplodia theobromae 1x105 conidia/ml. Meantime, no lesion developed on the mango fruit treated with the isolates Mg 39 (Pichia guilliermondii strainA) at the highest tested colony forming unit (CFU) levels, i.e. 1x109 and 5x108 CFU/ml. Supernatant of the yeast cultures, tested in secondary screening, did not prevent spore germination of L. theobromae or decay of wounded mango fruit but had inhibitory effect. However, 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment significantly reduced the infected area mm2 on mango fruit inoculated with L. theobromae (1x105 conidia/ml) during the 14 days of storage at 16±1°C and improved efficacy of isolates Mg147 and Mg39. When applied as combined treatments between 1-MCP and biocontrol agents, no lesion developed on the fruit treated with the isolate Mg 147 at 1x 108 CFU/ml or higher. Meanwhile, no lesion developed on the fruit treated with the isolate Mg 39 at 2x 108 CFU/ml or higher while, the percentages of rot reduction were ranged between 94.1% - 81.3% for  concentrations 1x108 and 6.6x107 CFU/ml respectively.

The Research aimed at measuring the impact of using different irrigations systems on the production and economic efficiency of the main summer crops cultivated in New Lands at Alexandria Governorate. In order to reach this objective, the research adopted the following: 1)  Presenting the benefits and costs of the main summer crops cultivated useing different irrigation systems. 2)  Measuring some of the economic efficiency indicators related to summer vegetables crops cultivated under some irrigation systems (3) Estimating the economic and production efficiency of the study crops cultivated under some irrigation systems (4) Presnting some possible economic recommendations which can improve and increase the production and productivity of the study summer vegetables crops. The research applied some descriptive analysis method on the economic variables associated with the study, in addition to quantitative economic analysis method to assess the economic efficiency standards for vegetable crops under study. The stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) has been applied to estimate production functions using the FRONTIER (Version 4.1c). The research also relied on field questionnaire data collected from 100 farms representing the most important cultivators of summer vegetable crops including squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated during 2011/2012 in Alexandria Governorate's New Lands using traditional and modern irrigation systems. Analysis results showed the following results about the impact of applicating modern irrigation systems on the production and economic efficiency: (1) High indicators of economic efficiency of the vegetable crops cultivated using modern irrigation systems compared with those cultivated using traditional irrigation system, which means more efficient use of the economic resources used producing vegetable crops under modern irrigation compared with those under traditional irrigation, which calls agricultural economic policy makers to increase attention and spread the idea of using modern irrigation systems, especially in New Land, in order to increase agricultural production and reduce the deficit in the trade balance. (2) Production Efficiency Coeffecients for squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated under modern irrigation system reachede about 75%, 80%, and 83%, while reached about 89%, 93%, and 91% for the same crops cultivated under traditional irrigation systems, which indicates that the chances of vegetable crops cultivated under modern irrigation system are larger than for those cultivated under traditional irrigation system due to more efficient use of production resources (3) The Economic Efficiency Coefficients of squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated under modern irrigation systems reached about 73%, 77%, and 79%, while reached about 87%, 90%, and 88% for the same crops cultivated using traditional irrigation systems, which indicates that the chances of vegetable crops cultivated under modern irrigation systems are larger than for those cultivated under traditional irrigation system due to more efficient use of economic resources and economic gain. In order to expand the cultivation of vegetable crops under modern irrigation systems and raise the productivity rate, the research recommends the following: (1) Increasing the effectiveness of extension activities through agricultural extension officers to transfer the research recommendations to farmers, and train them in order to improve their experience, and enhance the trend towards adopting the use of modern irrigation methods to enhance agriculture advancement, (2) Encouraging the specialized scientific research centers to develop fertilization programs that match the needs of crop cultivated under modern irrigation methods and soil quality.

This study was carried out during 2012 and 2013 seasons in the Horticultural Research Station at Kanater El- Khairiya, Qualiobeya Governorate to throw light on the effect of different types and rates of fertilizer treatments on the rates of infestation of the cowpea plants, Vigna unguiculata L. by different pests Tetranychus urticae, T. cucurbitacearum (eggs and motile stages), Bemisia tabaci (eggs, nymphs, pupae & adults), Thrips tabaci (nymphs & adults) and green Jassids and on the resultant crop yield. Data revealed that treatment with NPK mixture recorded the highest infestation rate by T. urticae Koch, T.cucurbitacearum (Sayed) and T. tabaci in the two seasons, while the K2O fertilizer revealed the lowest infestation rates. Moreover, the N2 fertilizer recorded the highest infestation with whitefly and Jassids. The brown scale insects, Coccus hesperidium Linnaeus were firstly recorded in Egypt on cowpea plants but throughout the first season only. The mixture treatments resulted highest yield (2428.3 &2675 Kg./fed.) followed by Micro-element treatments (1500 &1658.3 Kg./fed.) then K2O fertilizer treatment (1416.7 & 1553.3 Kg. /fed.) in 2012 and 2013, respectively; being significantly higher than control which recorded (756.0 & 845.0 Kg. / fed.) for the two seasons.   However, the results showed a significant improvement in the uptake of NPK over the control, so it increased the production.

A green house experiment was carried out in two successive seasons on date Palm plantlets (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Bartomouda) from 2012 to 2013, to evaluated the effectiveness of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer at four treatments as (T2) 5 g/l ammonium sulfate 20 % (1 g nitrogen), (T3) 3 g/l potassium nitrate 33% (1 g nitrogen) and (T4) 2 g/l urea (46%) with the irrigation water one time/ week.The design of the experiment was randomized complete with three replicates. The results revealed that, plant height cm, leaves numbers, root length cm and numbers, and fresh and dry weights of leaves and roots were increasing highly significantly with 3 g/l of potassium nitrate graduated by 2 g/l urea and 5 g/l ammonium sulfate respectively at both seasons. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids contents showed significant rising with 3 g/l potassium nitrate. Greatest significant contents of indole and proline were obtained under T3 for two seasons. Leaves nitrogen content N was increased by 2 g/l urea in the two seasons; on the other hand, root nitrogen content was increased with treatment 3 g/l potassium nitrate, sequenced by T2 and T4 treatments. Leaves and roots phosphorus P content significantly raising under 3g/l potassium nitrate and 5 g/l ammonium sulfate for two seasons. In the presence of 5 g/l ammonium sulfate and 3 g/l potassium nitrate leaves and root potassium content K were largest at two seasons respectively. This research shows that the nitrogen formula as potassium nitrate > ammonium sulfate > urea were recommended to highly increasing growth of date palm plantlets in the green house.

Si application alleviates influence of some abiotic stresses on crop plants. Meanwhile, scarce information is avaiable about the significance of Si for helping the plants to overcome the injuries of N deficiency and herbicides pressure. Thus, two–year 2–field experiments were carried out in wheat. Experiment I involved three Si concentrations (Si0ppm, Si250ppm and Si500ppm) and two N levels(N100% and N50%). Experiment II examined four combinations of fenoxaprop–p–ethyl and Si: fenoxaprop–p–ethyl+Si250ppm and fenoxaprop–p–ethyl+Si500ppm (each either in sequence or in tank mixture), fenoxaprop–p–ethyl alone, hand weeding and weedy check. Under N deficiency (N50%), Si500ppm increased plant height as compared to the control. No significant differences in SPAD values were detected amongst Si concentrations under each of the two tested N levels. Si can partially alleviate negative N deficiency effect on wheat yield, causing its increase to level obtained under normal N supply. Si has no effect on weed biomass when applied with fenoxaprop–p–ethyl either in sequence or in tank mixing. The most promising treatment for maximizing wheat grain yield was the application of 100 kg N ha–1 (N50%) x fenoxaprop–p–ethyl+Si250ppm in sequence", which also, in the same time, means reducing both cost of crop production and environment pollution.