The objective of the present experience was to study the effects of metoclopramide and tramadol on epidural analgesia induced by lidocaine in rabbits.Fifteen healthy New Zealand White rabbits weighting 3-3.5 kg of both genders were used.Animals were divided randomly into three groups. Three different combinations of drugs were injected into the epidural space to induce epidural analgesia in the following order: group A2% lidocaine (1.5 ml), group B the combination of 2% lidocaine (1.5 ml) and metoclopramide (0.5 ml) and group C, the combination of 2% lidocaine (1.5 ml) and tramadol (0.2 ml). The procedure was repeated 48 hours and a week after the first injection. The onset time of analgesia (OT), duration of flaccid paresis (DFP) and duration of analgesia (DA) was determined in all treatments. There was no complication in the induction of epidural analgesia.Statistical analysis showed thatmean of OT in group C (15.7±4.2 sec), was significantly lower in comparison to group A (68.6±15.5 sec) and group B (45.8±17.1 sec)(p=0.004). Mean DFP was significantly higher in group C (35.9±10.5 min) in comparison to group A (18.3±5.2 min) and group B (29.2±11.5 min)( p =0.001). Mean of DA was significantly higher in group B (39.1±16.2 min) compared to group A (23.6±5.5 min)(p=0.018) and also in group C (48.9±10.7 min) compared to group A (p =0.00). But there was no significant difference between means of DA in group B and C (p =0.05).The present study indicates that addition ofmetoclopramide and tramadol to lidocaine is effective in prolongation of epidural analgesia in rabbit.

The purpose of this study was to have a general view of pancreas in one species of pigeon.Some disorders affect avian pancreas.Pancreatitis and Pancreatic degeneration have been described in many infections and deficiencies. In pigeon, lymphoid infiltration and necrosis diffusion is a common finding. After anesthesia, tissue pieces were dissected from the lobes. Samples were fixed in Bouin, processed and stained by H&E and Gomori for light microscopy study. The pancreas of this pigeon had four lobes. The acini had oval shape with centroacinar cell. Ducts had simple to stratified cuboidal epithelium and muscular layers were around of ducts.Isletsare more numerous in ventral part of lobe B and in dorsal part of lobe A.The spleen segment in this pigeon contained fewer islets than the rest of the pancreas.The cells of islets in this species of pigeon were not distributed evenly throughout each islet.There were B cell and a few D cells inside light B islets andthere were A cell and a few D cells inside dark A islets.There were some similarities and differences in pancreas of this species to other birds.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of bupivacaine alone and in combination with fentanyl and edetomidine for lumbar epidural analgesia in fifteen buffalo calves. Haemato-biochemical parameters viz- Hb PCV, TLC, DLC, serum glucose, Serum Total protein, Serum urea nitrogen, Serum Creatinine, AST and ALT were measured after lumbar epidural administration of bupivacaine alone (group A), bupivacaine with fentanyl (group B) and bupivacaine with medetomidine (group C) animals (@ 0.15mg/kg body wt., 0.15mg/kg body wt + 2μgm/kg body wt, 0.15mg/kg body wt.+ 15μgm/kg body wt) respectively. Haematological studies revealed a not really significant decrease in Hb, PCV and TLC in group A and B, a significant (p

Wound is a break in the outer layer of skin. There are several different methods to provoke wound healing process, consisting topically or orally administration of medicinal drugs or herbal remedies. Persian shallot, Allium hirtifolium which belongs to the same genus of garlic,naturally grows in different parts of Iran. In this study, we have avaluated the wound healing activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of A .hirtifolium Boiss. Four bilateral full-thickness wounds (2 on each side) were made on the dorsal area of four adult albino rats weighing 165±35 gr under general anesthesia. Right side wounds were treated in experimental groups,while left side wounds were considered as control littermates. One day after surgery, a gellike 1:1 mixture of A. hirtifolium extract and methylcellulose were topically applied (100 mg/kg/day) to the experimental wounds while the wounds in control groups were treated with the extract-free gel for 12 days. At days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12, digital photos of wounds were taken using of Scion image software, for analyzing the percentage of wound contraction, epithelialisation and speed of healing. The results revealed that A. hirtifolium can accelerate wound healing by increasing the rate of epithelialisation. We concluded that A. hirtifolium extract may be clinically useful in management of open wounds treatment procedures.

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of rickets types in broiler chickens on the basis of gross and microscopic lesions in field clinical cases with regard to differential pathomorphological diagnosis.Clinical, serological, gross anatomy and histological investigations were carried out in broiler chickens with signs of rickets. The survey included 12 finisher broiler flocks (ten Ross 308 and two Cobb 500 flocks) from 4 different farms.Gross lesions in chickens from two of farms were indicative of hypophosphataemic rickets and the other two- of hypocalcaemic rickets types. Microscopic lesions correlated to macroscopic ones. The results of investigations showed that lesions resulting from calcium deficiency were very different from those occurring after phosphorus deficiency or calcium excess. It was suggested that macroscopic lesions in the proximal tibiotarsus could be used to distinguish field cases of Ca-deficiency and P-deficiency rickets in broiler chickens. The lesions in other leg parts (femur and tarsometatarsus) were not consistent with regard to differential diagnosis of rickets types due to the insufficient lesions in these bones.